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  • 1 dimpled chads

    Общая лексика: Chads were made famous in the highly contentious 2000 presidential election in the United States, where a majority in the U.S. Electoral College was determined in Florida by the counting of punch card ballots. Voters (АБ)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > dimpled chads

  • 2 hanging chads

    Общая лексика: Chads were made famous in the highly contentious 2000 presidential election in the United States, where a majority in the U.S. Electoral College was determined in Florida by the counting of punch card ballots. Voters (АБ)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > hanging chads

  • 3 pregnant chads

    Общая лексика: Chads were made famous in the highly contentious 2000 presidential election in the United States, where a majority in the U.S. Electoral College was determined in Florida by the counting of punch card ballots. Voters (АБ)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > pregnant chads

  • 4 Usage note : be

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to be in subject + to be + predicate sentences is être:
    I am tired
    = je suis fatigué
    Caroline is French
    = Caroline est française
    the children are in the garden
    = les enfants sont dans le jardin
    It functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.
    Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:
    she’s a doctor
    = elle est médecin
    Claudie is still a student
    = Claudie est toujours étudiante
    This is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:
    he’s a widower
    = il est veuf
    But
    Lyons is a beautiful city
    = Lyon est une belle ville
    For more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.
    For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    The passive
    être is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:
    the rabbit was killed by a fox
    = le lapin a été tué par un renard
    the window had been broken
    = la fenêtre avait été cassée
    their books will be sold
    = leurs livres seront vendus
    our doors have been repainted red
    = nos portes ont été repeintes en rouge
    In spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.
    Progressive tenses
    In French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.
    The present
    French uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    I am working
    = je travaille
    Ben is reading a book
    = Ben lit un livre
    The future
    French also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:
    we are going to London tomorrow
    = nous allons à Londres demain
    I’m (just) coming!
    = j’arrive!
    I’m (just) going!
    = j’y vais!
    The past
    To express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:
    he wrote to his mother
    = il a écrit à sa mère
    he was writing to his mother
    = il écrivait à sa mère
    However, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:
    ‘what was he doing when you arrived?’
    ‘he was cooking the dinner’
    = ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’
    she was just finishing her essay when …
    = elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …
    The compound past
    Compound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:
    I’ve been looking for you
    = je te cherchais
    For progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.
    Obligation
    When to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:
    she’s to do it at once
    = elle doit le faire tout de suite
    what am I to do?
    = qu’est-ce que je dois faire?
    he was to arrive last Monday
    = il devait arriver lundi dernier
    she was never to see him again
    = elle ne devait plus le revoir.
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    their house is lovely, isn’t it?
    = leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?
    he’s a doctor, isn’t he?
    = il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?
    it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?
    = c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:
    ‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’
    = ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’
    you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?
    = tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?
    In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:
    it’s not broken, is it?
    = ce n’est pas cassé, si?
    he wasn’t serious, was he?
    = il n’était pas sérieux, si?
    In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’
    In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’
    = ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’
    ‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’
    = ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’
    Probability
    For expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.
    Other functions
    Expressing sensations and feelings
    In expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:
    to be cold
    = avoir froid
    to be hot
    = avoir chaud
    I’m cold
    = j’ai froid
    to be thirsty
    = avoir soif
    to be hungry
    = avoir faim
    to be ashamed
    = avoir honte
    my hands are cold
    = j’ai froid aux mains
    If, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.
    Discussing health and how people are
    In expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:
    how are you?
    = comment allez-vous?
    ( more informally) comment vas-tu?
    are you well?
    = vous allez bien?
    how is your daughter?
    = comment va votre fille?
    my father is better today
    = mon père va mieux aujourd’hui
    Discussing weather and temperature
    In expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:
    it’s cold
    = il fait froid
    it’s windy
    = il fait du vent
    If in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.
    Visiting somewhere
    When to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:
    I’ve never been to Sweden
    = je ne suis jamais allé en Suède
    have you been to the Louvre?
    = est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?
    or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?
    Paul has been to see us three times
    = Paul est venu nous voir trois fois
    Note too:
    has the postman been?
    = est-ce que le facteur est passé?
    For here is, here are, there is, there are see the entries here and there.
    The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.
    This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : be

  • 5 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 6 pass

    [pɑ:s, Am pæs] n <pl - es>
    ( road) Pass m;
    one of the highest \passes in Europe einer der höchsten Pässe in Europa;
    mountain \pass [Gebirgs]pass m
    2) fball, sports ( of a ball) Pass m, Vorlage f (für ein Tor);
    that was a beautiful \pass to the centre forward das war ein gekonnter Pass zum Mittelstürmer
    3) ( sweep) by a plane [Darüber]streichen nt kein pl;
    they had seen the aircraft flying low in a \pass over the ski resort sie hatten gesehen, wie das Flugzeug sehr tief über das Skigebiet hinwegflog; by a magician, conjuror [Hand]bewegung f;
    the magician made some \passes with his hands over her body der Zauberer fuhr mit der Hand mehrmals über ihren Körper
    4) (fam: sexual advance) Annäherungsversuch m;
    to make a \pass [at sb] einen Annäherungsversuch [bei jdm] machen, sich akk an jdn ranmachen ( fam)
    5) ( Brit) sch, univ ( exam success) Bestehen nt kein pl (einer Prüfung);
    to achieve grade A \passes sehr gute Noten bekommen;
    to get/obtain a \pass in an exam eine Prüfung bestehen;
    (Am) ( grade) Bestehen nt kein pl (einer Prüfung);
    in those courses they don't grade students - they just get a \pass or fail in diesen Kursen bekommen die Studenten keine Noten, sie können nur entweder bestehen oder durchfallen;
    ( proof of completion) Bestanden nt
    6) ( permit) Passierschein m;
    only people with a \pass are allowed to enter the nuclear power station nur Personen mit einem entsprechenden Ausweis dürfen das Kernkraftwerk betreten; for a festival Eintritt m, Eintrittskarte f; for public transport [Wochen-/Monats-/Jahres-]karte f;
    bus \pass Busfahrkarte f (die über einen bestimmten Zeitraum gültig ist);
    free \pass Freikarte f;
    disabled people have a free \pass for the public transport system Behinderte können die öffentlichen Verkehrsmittel kostenlos benutzen;
    ( esp Am) sch; to leave class Entschuldigung f (für das Fernbleiben vom Unterricht);
    why aren't you at the math class? - I've got a \pass warum bist du nicht im Matheunterricht? - ich hab eine Entschuldigung
    7) no pl ( predicament) Notlage f, kritische Lage;
    this is a \pass - we can't get back into the hotel da haben wir uns ja was Schönes eingebrockt - wir können nicht ins Hotel zurück ( fam)
    to come to a pretty \pass ziemlich übel [für jdn] aussehen ( fam)
    it's come to a pretty \pass when you can't even have a few quiet drinks with friends wenn man nicht mal mehr in aller Ruhe mit seinen Freunden ein paar Gläschen trinken kann, dann stimmt was nicht ( fam)
    to reach a \pass außer Kontrolle geraten, ausufern vt
    1) ( go past)
    to \pass sb/ sth an jdm/etw vorbeikommen;
    if you \pass a supermarket, can you get me some milk? würdest du mir Milch mitbringen, wenn du beim Supermarkt vorbeikommst?
    2) ( exceed)
    it \passes all belief that he could have been so selfish es ist doch wirklich nicht zu fassen, dass er dermaßen selbstsüchtig sein konnte;
    to \pass a closing date/ sell-by date verfallen;
    don't buy goods which have \passed their sell-by date kauf keine Waren, deren Verfallsdatum bereits abgelaufen ist;
    to \pass a limit eine Grenze überschreiten;
    to \pass the time limit das Zeitlimit überschreiten;
    I'm sorry, you've \passed the time limit es tut mir leid, aber Sie haben überzogen
    3) ( hand to)
    to \pass sth to sb jdm etw [herüber]reichen;
    ( bequeath to) jdm etw vererben;
    could you \pass the salt please? könnten Sie mir bitte mal das Salz [herüber]reichen?;
    I asked if I could see the letter, so she \passed it to me reluctantly ich fragte, ob ich den Brief mal sehen könnte, also gab sie ihn mir widerwillig;
    the deceased's estate was \passed to his distant relatives der Besitz des Verstorbenen fiel an seine entfernten Verwandten;
    Gerald \passed the note to me Gerald gab mir die Notiz;
    to \pass the hat [around] ( fig) den Hut herumgehen lassen;
    to be \passed to sb auf jdn übergehen;
    the responsibility was gradually \passed to the British government die Verantwortung wurde nach und nach der britischen Regierung übertragen
    to \pass money Geld in Umlauf bringen;
    I saw someone get caught trying to \pass forged five pound notes in the supermarket ich sah, wie jemand dabei erwischt wurde, als er versuchte im Supermarkt mit gefälschten Fünfpfundnoten zu bezahlen;
    I haven't trusted him since he \passed me a forged fiver ich trau ihm einfach nicht mehr, seit er versucht hat, mir einen gefälschten Fünfer anzudrehen ( fam)
    5) fball, sports
    to \pass the ball to sb jdm den Ball zuspielen;
    the crowd were shouting at the player to \pass the basketball die Zuschauermenge schrie dem Basketballspieler zu, er solle den Ball abgeben;
    to \pass the baton to sb den Stab an jdn abgeben;
    the timing of the athletes in a relay race must be perfect to \pass the baton smoothly das Timing beim Staffellauf muss absolut stimmen, damit der Stab sauber übergeben werden kann
    the cook \passed the carrots through the mixer der Koch pürierte die Karotten im Mixer;
    to \pass the water through the filter das Wasser durch den Filter laufen lassen
    7) sch, univ ( succeed)
    to \pass an exam/ a test eine Prüfung/eine Arbeit bestehen;
    (fig: meet requirements) eine Prüfung bestehen, gut genug sein;
    she \passed the oral but failed the written exam die mündliche Prüfung hat sie bestanden, aber in der schriftlichen ist sie durchgefallen;
    why the questions? - am I supposed to \pass some silly imaginary test? warum fragst du mich das? soll das vielleicht so eine Art Prüfung für mich sein?;
    to \pass muster akzeptabel sein;
    new teams won't be admitted to the league if their stadiums don't \pass muster neue Mannschaften werden nur dann in die Liga aufgenommen, wenn ihre Stadien auf dem erforderlichen Stand sind
    8) ( of time)
    to \pass one's days/ holiday [or (Am) vacation] / time doing sth seine Tage/Ferien/Zeit mit etw dat verbringen;
    it was a long train journey, but they managed to \pass three hours playing cards es war eine lange Zugfahrt, aber sie haben drei Stunden davon mit Kartenspielen herumgebracht ( fam)
    to \pass the time sich dat die Zeit vertreiben;
    I'm not very good at drawing but it helps to \pass the time ich kann zwar nicht sehr gut zeichnen, aber es ist doch ein ganz schöner Zeitvertreib;
    I just wanted to \pass the time of day with her, but she completely ignored me ich wollte wirklich nur kurz guten Tag sagen und ein wenig mit ihr plaudern, aber sie hat mich völlig links liegen lassen
    9) pol ( approve)
    to \pass sth etw verabschieden;
    they are hoping to \pass legislation which will forbid drivers aged under 25 to drink alcohol man hofft darauf, ein Gesetz einzuführen, das Fahrern unter 25 den Genuss von Alkohol verbieten würde;
    to \pass a bill/ law ein Gesetz verabschieden;
    to \pass a motion einen Antrag genehmigen;
    to \pass a resolution eine Resolution verabschieden;
    to \pass sb/ sth as fit [or suitable] jdn/etw [als] geeignet erklären;
    the restaurant was serving meat that had not been \passed as fit for human consumption in dem Restaurant wurde Fleisch serviert, das nicht für den Verzehr freigegeben war;
    he was \passed fit for military service er wurde für wehrdiensttauglich erklärt;
    the censors \passed the film as suitable for children die Zensurstelle gab den Film für Kinder frei
    to \pass a comment einen Kommentar abgeben, sich akk äußern;
    to \pass a comment on sb eine Bemerkung über jdn machen;
    to \pass judgement [on sb/sth] [über jdn/etw] urteilen [o ein Urteil fällen];
    the jury at the film festival \passed judgement on the films they had seen die Jury gab beim Filmfestival ihr Urteil über die Filme ab, die sie gesehen hatte;
    to \pass one's opinion seine Meinung sagen;
    to \pass a remark eine Bemerkung machen;
    I heard she'd been \passing remarks about me behind my back ich hörte, dass sie hinter meinem Rücken über mich hergezogen war;
    to \pass sentence [on sb] law das Urteil [über jdn] fällen
    11) med (form: excrete)
    to \pass sth etw ausscheiden;
    to \pass blood Blut im Stuhl/Urin haben;
    to \pass faeces Kot ausscheiden;
    to \pass urine urinieren;
    to \pass water Wasser lassen
    PHRASES:
    to \pass the buck [to sb/sth] (sth]) ( fam) die Verantwortung abschieben, jdm/etw den Schwarzen Peter zuschieben;
    the government has simply \passed the buck to the local authorities without offering any support die Regierung hat die Verantwortung ganz einfach auf die Kommunen abgewälzt, ohne ihnen irgendeine Unterstützung anzubieten vi
    1) ( move by) vorbeigehen, vorbeikommen;
    I was just \passing so I thought I'd drop in for a chat ich bin gerade vorbeigekommen und dachte, ich schau mal kurz auf ein paar Worte rein;
    we often \passed on the stairs wir sind uns oft im Treppenhaus begegnet;
    the road will \pass near the village die Straße wird nahe am Dorf vorbeiführen;
    the marchers \passed by without stopping die Demonstranten zogen vorüber, ohne anzuhalten;
    not one car \passed while I was there während ich dort war, fuhr nicht ein einziges Auto vorbei;
    the Queen \passed among the crowd die Königin mischte sich unter die Menge;
    he \passed nearby our group without even knowing we were there er lief nicht weit von unserer Gruppe entfernt vorbei, völlig ohne mitzukriegen, dass wir da waren;
    you'll have to \pass not far from where we'll be standing du musst sowieso ganz in der Nähe von wo wir stehen vorbei;
    the planes \passed noisily overhead die Flugzeuge donnerten vorbei ( fam)
    the bullet \passed between her shoulder blades die Kugel ging genau zwischen ihren Schulterblättern durch; ( fig)
    a momentary look of anxiety \passed across his face für einen kurzen Moment überschattete ein Ausdruck der Besorgnis seine Miene;
    to \pass unnoticed unbemerkt bleiben, überhaupt nicht auffallen;
    to \pass over sth über etw akk gleiten; plane über etw akk hinwegfliegen;
    to \pass under sth unter etw dat hindurchfahren [o gehen];
    the road \passes under the railway line die Straße führt unter einer Eisenbahnbrücke hindurch
    2) ( enter) eintreten, hereinkommen;
    may I \pass? kann ich hereinkommen?;
    that helps prevent fats \passing into the bloodstream das verhindert, dass Fette in die Blutbahn gelangen;
    to let sb [or allow sb to] \pass jdn durchlassen;
    they shall not \pass! sie werden nicht durchkommen! (Kampfruf der Antifaschisten)
    3) ( go away) vergehen, vorübergehen, vorbeigehen;
    it'll soon \pass das geht schnell vorbei;
    I felt a bit nauseous, but the mood \passed mir war ein bisschen schlecht, aber es war gleich wieder vorbei
    4) ( change)
    to \pass from sth to sth von etw dat zu etw dat übergehen;
    wax \passes from solid to liquid when you heat it beim Erhitzen wird festes Wachs flüssig;
    the water \passes from a liquid state to a solid state when frozen Wasser wird fest, wenn es gefriert
    5) ( move into)
    gradually all these English words have \passed into the German language mit der Zeit sind all diese englischen Wörter in die deutsche Sprache eingegangen
    6) ( exchange)
    no words have \passed between us since our divorce seit unserer Scheidung haben wir kein einziges Wort miteinander gewechselt;
    the looks \passing between them suggested they had a very close relationship die Blicke, die sie miteinander wechselten, ließen darauf schließen, dass sie sich sehr nahe standen;
    greetings were always \passed between them, despite their mutual animosity obwohl sie sich gegenseitig nicht ausstehen konnten, grüßten sie sich immer
    7) fball ( of a ball) zuspielen, [den Ball] abgeben;
    he's a good player but he should \pass more er ist ein guter Spieler, aber er sollte den Ball auch öfter einmal den anderen zuspielen
    8) sch ( succeed) bestehen, durchkommen;
    after taking his driving test four times he \passed at the fifth attempt last week nachdem er viermal durch die Fahrprüfung gefallen war, bestand er sie letzte Woche beim fünften Anlauf
    the resolution was \passed unanimously die Resolution wurde einstimmig angenommen;
    ‘motion \passed by a clear majority,’ said the speaker of the house „Antrag mit deutlicher Mehrheit angenommen“, sagte der Parlamentspräsident
    10) ( go by) vergehen, verstreichen;
    the evening \passed without any great disasters der Abend verlief ohne größere Zwischenfälle;
    time seems to \pass so slowly when you're in school wenn man in der Schule ist, scheint die Zeit unheimlich langsam zu vergehen;
    I saw that I had let a golden opportunity \pass ich merkte, dass ich eine wirklich einmalige Gelegenheit ungenutzt hatte verstreichen lassen;
    for a moment she thought he was going to kiss her, but the moment \passed einen kurzen Augenblick lang dachte sie, er würde sie küssen - aber dieser Moment verstrich, und nichts geschah;
    11) (fig: not answer) passen [müssen];
    what's happened here? - I'll have to \pass, I don't know either was ist denn hier passiert? - fragen Sie mich nicht, ich weiß es auch nicht;
    \pass - I don't know the answer ich passe - ich weiß es nicht;
    the second contestant \passed on four questions der zweite Wettbewerbsteilnehmer musste bei vier Fragen passen;
    12) (fig fam: not consume)
    to \pass on sth auf etw akk verzichten;
    thanks, but I think I'll \pass on the chocolates since I'm dieting danke, aber ich verzichte lieber auf die Pralinen, weil ich eine Diät mache
    I really want to go to the film, but I don't think I'd \pass as 18 ich will den Film unbedingt sehen, aber die glauben mir nie, dass ich 18 bin;
    do you think this non-matching jacket and trousers could \pass as a suit? meinst du, ich kann diese Jacke und die Hose als Anzug anziehen, obwohl sie nicht zusammengehören?;
    they recruited somebody they hoped would \pass as a German in the film für den Film haben sie jemanden engagiert, von dem sie hoffen, dass er als Deutscher durchgeht

    English-German students dictionary > pass

  • 7 Healds

    This is a term applied to looped cords which are furnished with an eye in the centre and employed in looms for controlling the up and down movements of the warp threads. In the majority of cases there is a separate heald eye for each warp thread, and those healds which lift in the same manner are threaded on the same stave except in those cases where that would make the healds too crowded. In such cases the healds are divided on two or three shafts which may be tied together to lift as one if weaving conditions permit. Healds are formed by a knitting machine which is set to form the required number of heald eyes per inch on each stave, or in the case of spaced healds with the heald eyes arranged in the desired order on the stave. The yarns used may be cotton or worsted (see Hea'd Yarns). In knitted healds the eye is usually formed from the same yarn as the rest of the heald, but healds can be made with metal eyes. Metal healds are made of twisted wire galvanised or treated to be rustless, and formed with an eye in the centre for the warp thread and elongated upper and lower eyes for threading on flat steel bars that are secured to the heald staves proper at the top and bottom. Such healds are usually of the sliding type and eliminate the need for healds knit to pattern. Wire healds are also combined with knitting to give a prescribed number of eyes per inch.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Healds

  • 8 Catholic church

       The Catholic Church and the Catholic religion together represent the oldest and most enduring of all Portuguese institutions. Because its origins as an institution go back at least to the middle of the third century, if not earlier, the Christian and later the Catholic Church is much older than any other Portuguese institution or major cultural influence, including the monarchy (lasting 770 years) or Islam (540 years). Indeed, it is older than Portugal (869 years) itself. The Church, despite its changing doctrine and form, dates to the period when Roman Lusitania was Christianized.
       In its earlier period, the Church played an important role in the creation of an independent Portuguese monarchy, as well as in the colonization and settlement of various regions of the shifting Christian-Muslim frontier as it moved south. Until the rise of absolutist monarchy and central government, the Church dominated all public and private life and provided the only education available, along with the only hospitals and charity institutions. During the Middle Ages and the early stage of the overseas empire, the Church accumulated a great deal of wealth. One historian suggests that, by 1700, one-third of the land in Portugal was owned by the Church. Besides land, Catholic institutions possessed a large number of chapels, churches and cathedrals, capital, and other property.
       Extensive periods of Portuguese history witnessed either conflict or cooperation between the Church as the monarchy increasingly sought to gain direct control of the realm. The monarchy challenged the great power and wealth of the Church, especially after the acquisition of the first overseas empire (1415-1580). When King João III requested the pope to allow Portugal to establish the Inquisition (Holy Office) in the country and the request was finally granted in 1531, royal power, more than religion was the chief concern. The Inquisition acted as a judicial arm of the Catholic Church in order to root out heresies, primarily Judaism and Islam, and later Protestantism. But the Inquisition became an instrument used by the crown to strengthen its power and jurisdiction.
       The Church's power and prestige in governance came under direct attack for the first time under the Marquis of Pombal (1750-77) when, as the king's prime minister, he placed regalism above the Church's interests. In 1759, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal, although they were allowed to return after Pombal left office. Pombal also harnessed the Inquisition and put in place other anticlerical measures. With the rise of liberalism and the efforts to secularize Portugal after 1820, considerable Church-state conflict occurred. The new liberal state weakened the power and position of the Church in various ways: in 1834, all religious orders were suppressed and their property confiscated both in Portugal and in the empire and, in the 1830s and 1840s, agrarian reform programs confiscated and sold large portions of Church lands. By the 1850s, Church-state relations had improved, various religious orders were allowed to return, and the Church's influence was largely restored. By the late 19th century, Church and state were closely allied again. Church roles in all levels of education were pervasive, and there was a popular Catholic revival under way.
       With the rise of republicanism and the early years of the First Republic, especially from 1910 to 1917, Church-state relations reached a new low. A major tenet of republicanism was anticlericalism and the belief that the Church was as much to blame as the monarchy for the backwardness of Portuguese society. The provisional republican government's 1911 Law of Separation decreed the secularization of public life on a scale unknown in Portugal. Among the new measures that Catholics and the Church opposed were legalization of divorce, appropriation of all Church property by the state, abolition of religious oaths for various posts, suppression of the theology school at Coimbra University, abolition of saints' days as public holidays, abolition of nunneries and expulsion of the Jesuits, closing of seminaries, secularization of all public education, and banning of religious courses in schools.
       After considerable civil strife over the religious question under the republic, President Sidónio Pais restored normal relations with the Holy See and made concessions to the Portuguese Church. Encouraged by the apparitions at Fátima between May and October 1917, which caused a great sensation among the rural people, a strong Catholic reaction to anticlericalism ensued. Backed by various new Catholic organizations such as the "Catholic Youth" and the Academic Center of Christian Democracy (CADC), the Catholic revival influenced government and politics under the Estado Novo. Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar was not only a devout Catholic and member of the CADC, but his formative years included nine years in the Viseu Catholic Seminary preparing to be a priest. Under the Estado Novo, Church-state relations greatly improved, and Catholic interests were protected. On the other hand, Salazar's no-risk statism never went so far as to restore to the Church all that had been lost in the 1911 Law of Separation. Most Church property was never returned from state ownership and, while the Church played an important role in public education to 1974, it never recovered the influence in education it had enjoyed before 1911.
       Today, the majority of Portuguese proclaim themselves Catholic, and the enduring nature of the Church as an institution seems apparent everywhere in the country. But there is no longer a monolithic Catholic faith; there is growing diversity of religious choice in the population, which includes an increasing number of Protestant Portuguese as well as a small but growing number of Muslims from the former Portuguese empire. The Muslim community of greater Lisbon erected a Mosque which, ironically, is located near the Spanish Embassy. In the 1990s, Portugal's Catholic Church as an institution appeared to be experiencing a revival of influence. While Church attendance remained low, several Church institutions retained an importance in society that went beyond the walls of the thousands of churches: a popular, flourishing Catholic University; Radio Re-nascenca, the country's most listened to radio station; and a new private television channel owned by the Church. At an international conference in Lisbon in September 2000, the Cardinal Patriarch of Portugal, Dom José Policarpo, formally apologized to the Jewish community of Portugal for the actions of the Inquisition. At the deliberately selected location, the place where that religious institution once held its hearings and trials, Dom Policarpo read a declaration of Catholic guilt and repentance and symbolically embraced three rabbis, apologizing for acts of violence, pressures to convert, suspicions, and denunciation.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Catholic church

  • 9 Usage note : do

    The direct French equivalent of the verb to do in subject + to do + object sentences is faire:
    she’s doing her homework
    = elle fait ses devoirs
    what are you doing?
    = qu’est-ce que tu fais?
    what has he done with the newspaper?
    = qu’est-ce qu’il a fait du journal?
    faire functions in very much the same way as to do does in English and it is safe to assume it will work in the great majority of cases. For the conjugation of the verb faire, see the French verb tables.
    Grammatical functions
    In questions
    In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in questions equivalent to the use of do in English.
    When the subject is a pronoun, the question is formed in French either by inverting the subject and verb and putting a hyphen between the two ( veux-tu?) or by prefacing the subject + verb by est-ce que (literally is it that):
    do you like Mozart?
    = aimes-tu Mozart? or est-ce que tu aimes Mozart?
    did you put the glasses in the cupboard?
    = as-tu mis les verres dans le placard? or est-ce que tu as mis les verres dans le placard?
    When the subject is a noun there are again two possibilities:
    did your sister ring?
    = est-ce que ta sœur a téléphoné? or ta sœur a-t-elle téléphoné?
    did Max find his keys?
    = est-ce que Max a trouvé ses clés? or Max a-t-il trouvé ses clés?
    In negatives
    Equally, auxiliaries are not used in negatives in French:
    I don’t like Mozart
    = je n’aime pas Mozart
    you didn’t feed the cat
    = tu n’as pas donné à manger au chat
    don’t do that!
    = ne fais pas ça!
    In emphatic uses
    There is no verbal equivalent for the use of do in such expressions as I DO like your dress. A French speaker will find another way, according to the context, of expressing the force of the English do. Here are a few useful examples:
    I DO like your dress
    = j’aime beaucoup ta robe
    I DO hope she remembers
    = j’espère qu’elle n’oubliera pas
    I DO think you should see a doctor
    = je crois vraiment que tu devrais voir un médecin
    When referring back to another verb
    In this case the verb to do is not translated at all:
    I don’t like him any more than you do
    = je ne l’aime pas plus que toi
    I live in Oxford and so does Lily
    = j’habite à Oxford et Lily aussi
    she gets paid more than I do
    = elle est payée plus que moi
    I haven’t written as much as I ought to have done
    = je n’ai pas écrit autant que j’aurais dû
    ‘I love strawberries’ ‘so do I’
    = ‘j’adore les fraises’ ‘moi aussi’
    In polite requests
    In polite requests the phrase je vous en prie can often be used to render the meaning of do:
    do sit down
    = asseyez-vous, je vous en prie
    do have a piece of cake
    = prenez un morceau de gâteau, je vous en prie
    ‘may I take a peach?’ ‘yes, do’
    = ‘puis-je prendre une pêche?’ ‘je vous en prie’
    In imperatives
    In French there is no use of an auxiliary verb in imperatives:
    don’t shut the door
    = ne ferme pas la porte
    don’t tell her anything
    = ne lui dis rien
    do be quiet!
    = tais-toi!
    In tag questions
    French has no direct equivalent of tag questions like doesn’t he? or didn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:
    you like fish, don’t you?
    = tu aimes le poisson, n’est-ce pas?
    he lives in London, doesn’t he?
    = il habite à Londres, n’est-ce pas?
    However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the meaning contained in the tag: par hasard can often be useful as a translation:
    Lola didn’t phone, did she?
    = Lola n’a pas téléphoné par hasard?
    Paul doesn’t work here, does he?
    = Paul ne travaille pas ici par hasard?
    In many cases the tag is not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey what is implied:
    you didn’t tidy your room, did you? (i.e. you ought to have done)
    = tu n’as pas rangé ta chambre?
    In short answers
    Again, there is no direct French equivalent for short answers like yes I do, no he doesn’t etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:
    ‘Marion didn’t say that’ ‘yes she did’
    = ‘Marion n’a pas dit ça’ ‘si’
    ‘they don’t sell vegetables at the baker’s’ ‘yes they do’
    = ‘ils ne vendent pas les légumes à la boulangerie’ ‘si’
    In response to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:
    ‘do you like strawberries?’ ‘yes I do’
    = ‘aimez-vous les fraises?’ ‘oui ’
    For more examples and particular usages, see the entry do.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : do

  • 10 get

    ɡet
    past tense - got; verb
    1) (to receive or obtain: I got a letter this morning.) recibir
    2) (to bring or buy: Please get me some food.) traer, ir a buscar, procurar; comprar
    3) (to (manage to) move, go, take, put etc: He couldn't get across the river; I got the book down from the shelf.) ir, cruzar, atravesar; tomar
    4) (to cause to be in a certain condition etc: You'll get me into trouble.) meter, arrastrar, poner
    5) (to become: You're getting old.) hacerse (por ej. mayor), volverse, convertirse
    6) (to persuade: I'll try to get him to go.) convencer, persuadir
    7) (to arrive: When did they get home?) llegar
    8) (to succeed (in doing) or to happen (to do) something: I'll soon get to know the neighbours; I got the book read last night.) conseguir, llegar a, lograr
    9) (to catch (a disease etc): She got measles last week.) coger, pillar, cazar, agarrar, contraer
    10) (to catch (someone): The police will soon get the thief.) atrapar, coger
    11) (to understand: I didn't get the point of his story.) coger, pillar, comprender, entender
    •
    - get-together
    - get-up
    - be getting on for
    - get about
    - get across
    - get after
    - get ahead
    - get along
    - get around
    - get around to
    - get at
    - get away
    - get away with
    - get back
    - get by
    - get down
    - get down to
    - get in
    - get into
    - get nowhere
    - get off
    - get on
    - get on at
    - get out
    - get out of
    - get over
    - get round
    - get around to
    - get round to
    - get there
    - get through
    - get together
    - get up
    - get up to
    get vb
    1. comprar
    2. coger / tomar
    3. recibir / conseguir
    4. llevarse
    5. hacer / ponerse
    6. traer
    could you get me a coffee, please? ¿me puedes traer un café, por favor?
    7. buscar / recoger
    8. llegar
    what time did you get home? ¿a qué hora llegaste a casa?
    how do you get to the restaurant? ¿cómo se va al restaurante?
    tr[get]
    transitive verb (pt got tr[gɒt], pp got tr[gɒt] (|us| gotten tr['gɒtən]), ger getting)
    1 obtener, conseguir
    ■ she got £1,000 for her car le dieron mil libras por su coche
    ■ what did you get in maths? ¿qué sacaste en mates?
    2 recibir
    ■ how did you get that cut? ¿cómo te hiciste ese corte?
    3 comprar
    ■ where did you get your jeans? ¿dónde compraste tus vaqueros?
    4 traer
    5 coger
    6 captar, recibir, coger
    7 pedir, decir; persuadir, convencer
    ■ can you get her to lend us the money? ¿puedes convencerla para que nos deje el dinero?
    8 preparar
    ■ can I get you something to eat? ¿te preparo algo para comer?
    9 familiar entender, captar, coger
    10 familiar poner nervioso,-a, fastidiar
    11 ganar, cobrar
    12 poner con; contestar, atender, coger; abrir
    ■ can you get me the Embassy Hotel? ¿me puede poner con el Hotel Embassy?
    13 conseguir, lograr
    14 hacer algo a uno
    15 dar, alcanzar
    1 ponerse, volverse
    2 ir
    ■ how do you get there? ¿cómo se va hasta allí?
    ■ can you get there by bus? ¿se puede ir en autobús?
    1 figurative use ir, llevar
    ■ where do you think she's got to? ¿dónde crees que se ha metido?
    1 llegar
    ■ how did you get home? ¿cómo llegaste a casa?
    2 llegar a
    3 llegar a
    4 empezar a
    ■ we got talking empezamos a hablar, nos pusimos a hablar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    get along with you! ¡déjate de bobadas!, ¡no seas bobo,-a!
    to get better mejorar
    to get dark oscurecer
    to get dirty ensuciarse
    to get divorced divorciarse
    to get dressed vestirse
    to get drunk emborracharse
    to get into trouble meterse en un lío
    to get late hacerse tarde
    to get lost perderse
    to get old hacerse mayor, envejecer
    to get on somebody's nerves irritar a alguien, poner nervioso,-a a alguien
    to get one's own way salirse con la suya
    to get paid cobrar
    to get ready preparar, prepararse
    to get rid of deshacerse de
    to get tired cansarse
    to get wet mojarse
    to get worse empeorar
    get ['gɛt] v, got ['gɑt] ; got or gotten ['gɑtə n] ; getting vt
    1) obtain: conseguir, obtener, adquirir
    2) receive: recibir
    to get a letter: recibir una carta
    3) earn: ganar
    he gets $10 an hour: gana $10 por hora
    4) fetch: traer
    get me my book: tráigame el libro
    5) catch: tomar (un tren, etc.), agarrar (una pelota, una persona, etc.)
    6) contract: contagiarse de, contraer
    she got the measles: le dio el sarampión
    7) prepare: preparar (una comida)
    8) persuade: persuadir, mandar a hacer
    I got him to agree: logré convencerlo
    to get one's hair cut: cortarse el pelo
    10) understand: entender
    now I get it!: ¡ya entiendo!
    to have got : tener
    I've got a headache: tengo un dolor de cabeza
    to have got to : tener que
    you've got to come: tienes que venir
    get vi
    1) become: ponerse, volverse, hacerse
    to get angry: ponerse furioso, enojarse
    2) go, move: ir, avanzar
    he didn't get far: no avanzó mucho
    3) arrive: llegar
    to get home: llegar a casa
    4)
    to get to be : llegar a ser
    she got to be the director: llegó a ser directora
    5)
    to get ahead : adelantarse, progresar
    6)
    to get along : llevarse bien (con alguien), congeniar
    7)
    to get by manage: arreglárselas
    8)
    to get over overcome: superar, consolarse de
    9)
    to get together meet: reunirse
    to get up : levantarse
    get (s.o.) down
    expr.
    • desmoralizar v. (Profits, etc.)
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: got) or p.p.: gotten•) = lucrarse v. (Understand)
    v.
    • comprender v.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: got) or p.p.: gotten•) = adquirir v.
    • alcanzar v.
    • buscar v.
    • coger v.
    • ganar v.
    • lograr v.
    • obtener v.
    (§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-
    fut/c: -tendr-•)
    • procurar v.
    • recibir v.
    • sacar v.
    • tomar v.
    get
    1.
    1) (pres p getting; past got; past p got or AmE also gotten) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ( obtain) \<\<money/information\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<job/staff\>\> conseguir*; \<\<authorization/loan\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<idea\>\> sacar*

    where did you get that beautiful rug? — ¿dónde conseguiste or encontraste esa alfombra tan preciosa?

    these pears are as good as you'll get, I'm afraid — estas peras son de lo mejorcito que hay (fam)

    to get something from somebody/something: we get our information from official sources sacamos la información de fuentes oficiales; you can get any information from my secretary — mi secretaria le podrá dar toda la información que necesite

    b) ( buy) comprar

    to get something from somebody/something: I get my bread from the local baker le compro el pan al panadero del barrio; I got it from Harrods lo compré en Harrods; we get them from Italy — ( they supply our business) los traen de Italia

    c) (achieve, win) \<\<prize/grade\>\> sacar*, obtener* (frml); \<\<majority\>\> obtener* (frml), conseguir*

    he gets results — consigue or logra lo que se propone

    e) ( on the telephone) \<\<person\>\> lograr comunicarse con

    I got the wrong number — me equivoqué de número; ( having dialled correctly) me salió un número equivocado

    3)
    a) ( receive) \<\<letter/reward/reprimand\>\> recibir

    do I get a kiss, then? — ¿entonces me das un beso?

    he got 12 years for armed robbery — lo condenaron a or (fam) le cayeron 12 años por robo a mano armada

    to get something from somebody: all I ever get from you is criticism lo único que haces es criticarme; she got a warm reception from the audience el público le dio una cálida bienvenida; I do all the work and she gets all the credit yo hago todo el trabajo y ella se lleva la fama; I seldom get the chance rara vez se me presenta la oportunidad; the kitchen doesn't get much sun — en la cocina no da mucho el sol

    b) (Rad, TV) \<\<station\>\> captar, recibir, coger* (esp Esp fam), agarrar (CS fam)
    c) ( be paid) \<\<salary/pay\>\> ganar

    I got £200 for the piano — me dieron 200 libras por el piano

    d) ( experience) \<\<shock/surprise\>\> llevarse

    I get the feeling that... — tengo or me da la sensación de que...

    e) ( suffer)

    how did you get that bump on your head? — ¿cómo te hiciste ese chichón en la cabeza?

    4) (find, have) (colloq)

    we get mainly students in here — nuestros clientes (or visitantes etc) son mayormente estudiantes

    5) ( fetch) \<\<hammer/scissors\>\> traer*, ir* a buscar; \<\<doctor/plumber\>\> llamar

    get your coat — anda or vete a buscar tu abrigo

    she got herself a cup of coffee — se sirvió (or se hizo etc) una taza de café

    6)
    a) ( reach) alcanzar*
    b) ( take hold of) agarrar, coger* (esp Esp)
    c) (catch, trap) pillar (fam), agarrar (AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    d) (assault, kill) (colloq)
    7) ( contract) \<\<cold/flu\>\> agarrar, pescar* (fam), pillar (fam), coger* (esp Esp)
    8) ( catch) \<\<busain\>\> tomar, coger* (Esp)
    9) (colloq)
    a) ( irritate) fastidiar

    it gets you right there — (set phrase) te conmueve, te da mucha lástima

    c) ( puzzle)

    what gets me is how... — lo que no entiendo es cómo...

    10)
    a) ( understand) (colloq) entender*

    don't get me wrong — no me malentiendas or malinterpretes

    get it? — ¿entiendes?, ¿agarras or (Esp) coges la onda? (fam)

    b) (hear, take note of) oír*

    did you get the number? — ¿tomaste nota del número?

    11) ( answer) (colloq) \<\<phone\>\> contestar, atender*, coger* (Esp); \<\<door\>\> abrir*
    12) ( possess)
    13) (bring, move, put) (+ adv compl)

    they couldn't get it up the stairs — no lo pudieron subir por las escaleras; see also get across, get in

    14) ( cause to be) (+ adj compl)

    I can't get the window open/shut — no puedo abrir/cerrar la ventana

    they got their feet wet/dirty — se mojaron/se ensuciaron los pies

    15) to get somebody/something + pp

    I must get this watch fixed — tengo que llevar a or (AmL tb) mandar (a) arreglar este reloj

    16) (arrange, persuade, force)

    to get somebody/something to + inf: I'll get him to help you ( order) le diré que te ayude; ( ask) le pediré que te ayude; ( persuade) lo convenceré de que te ayude; she could never get him to understand no podría hacérselo entender; you'll never get them to agree to that no vas a lograr que acepten eso; I can't get it to work — no puedo hacerlo funcionar

    to get somebody/something -ing: it's the sort of record that gets everybody dancing es el tipo de disco que hace bailar a todo el mundo or que hace que todo el mundo baile; can you get the pump working? — ¿puedes hacer funcionar la bomba?


    2.
    get vi
    1) ( reach) (+ adv compl) llegar*

    can you get there by train? — ¿se puede ir en tren?

    how do you get to work? — ¿cómo vas al trabajo?

    can anyone remember where we'd got to? — ¿alguien se acuerda de dónde habíamos quedado?

    to get nowhere, not to get anywhere — see nowhere I 1), anywhere I 1) b)

    to get somewhere — avanzar*, adelantar

    to get there: it's not perfect, but we're getting there — perfecto no es, pero poco a poco...

    2)
    a) ( become)

    to get dressed — vestirse*

    b) (be) (colloq)
    3) to get to + inf
    a) ( come to) llegar* a + inf

    in this job you get to meet many interesting people — en este trabajo uno tiene la oportunidad de conocer a mucha gente interesante

    when do we get to open the presents? — ¿cuándo podemos abrir los regalos?

    4) ( start)

    to get -ing — empezar* a + inf, ponerse* a + inf

    right, let's get moving! — bueno, pongámonos en acción (or en marcha etc)!

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [ɡet] (pt, pp got) (US) (pp gotten) When get is part of a set combination, eg get the sack, get hold of, get sth right, look up the other word.
    1. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=obtain) [+ information, money, visa, divorce] conseguir; [+ benefit] sacar, obtener

    • he got it for me — él me lo consiguió

    • you need to get permission off or from the owner — tienes que conseguir el permiso del dueño

    I got the idea off ** or from a TV programme — saqué la idea de un programa de televisión

    he gets all his clothes off ** or from his elder brother — hereda toda la ropa de su hermano mayor

    where did you get that idea from? — ¿de dónde sacaste esa idea?

    • we shan't get anything out of him — no lograremos sacarle nada

    what are you going to get out of it? — ¿qué vas a sacar de or ganar con ello?

    2) (=have) tener
    3) (=receive)
    a) [+ letter, phone call] recibir; [+ wage] ganar, cobrar; [+ TV station, radio station] coger, captar

    she gets a good salary — gana or cobra un buen sueldo

    • how much did you get for it? — ¿cuánto te dieron por él?

    • he gets his red hair from his mother — el pelo rojizo lo ha heredado de su madre

    neck 1., 1)
    b)
    Some get + noun combinations are translated using a more specific Spanish verb. If in doubt, look up the noun.

    • I never got an answer — no me contestaron, no recibí nunca una respuesta

    • they get lunch at school — les dan de comer en el colegio

    • this area doesn't get much rain — en esta área no llueve mucho

    • I got a shock/ surprise — me llevé un susto/una sorpresa

    • this room gets a lot of sun — a esta habitación le da mucho el sol

    fine II, 1., sentence 1., 2)
    4) (=buy) comprar

    where did you get those shoes? — ¿dónde te has comprado esos zapatos?

    • I got it cheap in a sale — lo conseguí barato en unas rebajas

    5) (=fetch) [+ glasses, book] ir a buscar, traer; [+ person] ir a buscar, ir a por; (=pick up) [+ goods, person] recoger

    would you mind getting my glasses? — ¿te importaría ir a buscarme or traerme las gafas?

    can you get my coat from the cleaner's? — ¿puedes recogerme el abrigo de la tintorería?

    quick, get help! — ¡rápido, ve a buscar ayuda!

    to get sth for sb, to get sb sth — ir a buscar algo a algn, traer algo a algn

    could you get me the scissors please? — ¿puedes ir a buscarme or me puedes traer las tijeras, por favor?

    can I get you a drink? — ¿te apetece beber or tomar algo?, ¿quieres beber or tomar algo?

    • to go/ come and get sth/sb, I'll go and get it for you — voy a buscártelo, voy a traértelo

    go and get Jane will you? — vete a buscar a Jane, ve a por Jane

    6) (=call) [+ doctor, plumber] llamar
    7) (=answer) [+ phone] contestar

    can you get the phone? — ¿puedes contestar el teléfono?

    I'll get it! — (telephone) ¡yo contesto!; (door) ¡ya voy yo!

    8) (=gain, win) [+ prize] ganar, llevarse, conseguir; [+ goal] marcar; [+ reputation] ganarse

    she got first prize — ganó or se llevó or consiguió el primer premio

    correct, you get 5 points — correcto, gana or consigue 5 puntos

    he got a pass/an A in French — sacó un aprobado/un sobresaliente en francés

    9) (=find) [+ job, flat] encontrar, conseguir

    he got me a job — me encontró or consiguió un trabajo

    10) (=catch) [+ ball, disease, person] coger, agarrar (LAm); [+ thief] coger, atrapar (LAm); [+ bus] coger, tomar (LAm); [+ fish] pescar

    got you! * — ¡te pillé! *, ¡te cacé! *, ¡te agarré! (LAm)

    got you at last! — ¡por fin te he pillado or cazado! *

    • I've been trying to get him alone — he estado intentando verle a solas

    • to get sb by the throat/arm — agarrar or coger a algn de la garganta/del brazo

    • I didn't get the details — no oí los detalles

    • sorry, I didn't get your name — perdone, ¿cómo dice que se llama?, perdone, no me he enterado de su nombre

    • did you get his (registration) number? — ¿viste el número de matrícula?

    • you've got me there! * — ahí sí que me has pillado *

    to get it from sb —

    bad 3., religion
    11) (=reach, put through to)

    get me Mr Jones, please — (Telec) póngame or (esp LAm) comuníqueme con el Sr. Jones, por favor

    • you'll get him at home if you phone this evening — si le llamas esta tarde lo pillarás * or encontrarás en casa

    • you can get me on this number — puedes contactar conmigo en este número

    • I've been trying to get you all week — he estado intentando hablar contigo toda la semana

    12) * (=attack, take revenge on)

    I'll get you for that! — ¡esto me lo vas a pagar!

    13) (=hit) [+ target] dar en
    14) (=finish)
    15) (=take, bring)

    • how can we get it home? — (speaker not at home) ¿cómo podemos llevarlo a casa?; (speaker at home) ¿cómo podemos traerlo a casa?

    • I tried to get the blood off my shirt — intenté quitar la sangre de mi camisa

    get the knife off him! — ¡quítale ese cuchillo!

    • I couldn't get the stain out of the tablecloth — no podía limpiar la mancha del mantel

    • to get sth past customs — conseguir pasar algo por la aduana

    • we'll get you there somehow — le llevaremos de una u otra manera

    • we can't get it through the door — no lo podemos pasar por la puerta

    • to get sth to sb — hacer llegar algo a algn

    • where will that get us? — ¿de qué nos sirve eso?

    16) (=prepare) [+ meal] preparar, hacer

    to get breakfast — preparar or hacer el desayuno

    This construction is often translated using a specific Spanish verb. Look up the relevant adjective.

    • he got his leg broken — se rompió la pierna

    • to get one's hands dirty — ensuciarse las manos

    • to get sb drunk — emborrachar a algn

    • to get one's feet wet — mojarse los pies

    • you're getting me worried — estás haciendo que me preocupe

    18) with infinitive/present participle

    to get sb to do sth — (=persuade) conseguir que algn haga algo, persuadir a algn a hacer algo; (=tell) decir a algn que haga algo

    we eventually got her to change her mind — por fin conseguimos que cambiase de idea, por fin le persuadimos a cambiar de idea

    can you get someone to photocopy these — puedes decirle or mandarle a alguien que me haga una fotocopia de estos

    I can't get the door to open — no puedo abrir la puerta, no logro que se abra la puerta

    I couldn't get the washing machine to work — no pude or no logré poner la lavadora en marcha

    I couldn't get the car going or to go — no pude poner el coche en marcha, no pude arrancar el coche

    19) ("get sth done" construction)
    a) (=do oneself)

    • you'll get yourself arrested looking like that — vas a acabar en la cárcel con esas pintas

    • to get the washing/dishes done — lavar la ropa/fregar los platos

    • when do you think you'll get it finished? — ¿cuándo crees que lo vas a acabar?

    • you'll get yourself killed driving like that — te vas a matar si conduces de esa forma

    b) (=get someone to do)

    • to get one's hair cut — cortarse el pelo, hacerse cortar el pelo

    • he knows how to get things done — sabe organizar muy bien a la gente

    • to get sth fixed — arreglar or reparar algo

    I've got to get my car fixed this week — tengo que arreglar or reparar el coche esta semana, tengo que llevar el coche a arreglar or reparar esta semana

    • we're going to get central heating put in — vamos a poner or instalar calefacción central

    20) * (=understand) entender

    (do you) get it? — ¿entiendes?; [+ joke] ¿lo coges?, ¿ya caes? *

    I've got it! — [+ joke] ¡ya caigo!, ¡ya lo entiendo!; [+ solution] ¡ya tengo la solución!, ¡ya he dado con la solución!, ¡ya lo tengo!

    point 1., 7), wrong
    21) * (=annoy) molestar, fastidiar

    what gets me is the way he always assumes he's right — lo que me molesta or fastidia es que siempre da por hecho que tiene razón

    what really gets me is his total indifference — lo que me molesta or fastidia es su total indiferencia

    22) * (=thrill) chiflar *

    this tune really gets me — esta melodía me chifla *, esta melodía me apasiona

    23)

    • to have got sth — (Brit) (=have) tener algo

    what have you got there? — ¿qué tienes ahí?

    2. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=reach, go) llegar

    how do you get there? — ¿como se llega?

    how did you get here? — ¿cómo viniste or llegaste?

    how did that box get here? — ¿cómo ha venido a parar esta caja aquí?

    • I've got as far as page 10 — he llegado hasta la página 10

    • he won't get far — no llegará lejos

    • to get from A to B — ir de A a B, trasladarse de A a B

    • to get home — llegar a casa

    • to get to — llegar a

    how do you get to the cinema? — ¿cómo se llega al cine?

    where did you get to? — (=where were you?) ¿dónde estabas?, ¿dónde te habías metido?

    where can he have got to? — ¿dónde se puede haber metido?

    not to get anywhere —

    to get nowhere —

    we're getting absolutely nowhere, we're getting nowhere fast — no estamos llegando a ningún sitio

    to get somewhere —

    to get there —

    "how's your thesis going?" - "I'm getting there" — -¿qué tal va tu tesis? -va avanzando

    - get to sb

    don't let it get to you * — (=affect) no dejes que te afecte; (=annoy) no te molestes por eso

    lane 1., 3)
    2) (=become, be) ponerse, volverse, hacerse
    As expressions with get + adjective, such as get old, get drunk etc, are often translated by a specific verb, look up the adjective.

    • it's getting late — se está haciendo tarde

    • how did it get like that? — ¿cómo se ha puesto así?

    how do people get like that? — ¿cómo puede la gente volverse así?

    • how stupid can you get? — ¿hasta qué punto llega tu estupidez?, ¿cómo puedes ser tan estúpido?

    • to get used to sth — acostumbrarse a algo

    - get with it
    See:
    BECOME, GO, GET in become
    a) (=be)

    • he often gets asked for his autograph — a menudo le piden autógrafos

    • we got beaten 3-2 — perdimos 3 a 2

    • several windows got broken — se rompieron varias ventanas

    • to get killed — morir, matarse

    I saw her the night she got killed — (accidentally) la vi la noche que murió or se mató; (=murdered) la vi la noche que la asesinaron

    do you want to get killed! — ¡¿es que quieres matarte?!

    • to get paid — cobrar

    • he got run over as he was coming out of his house — lo atropellaron al salir de casa

    • to get shaved — afeitarse

    • to get washed — lavarse

    4) (=begin) with gerund empezar a + infin, ponerse a + infin

    get going! — ¡muévete!, ¡a menearse!

    • we got talking — empezamos a hablar or charlar

    • I got to thinking that... * — me di cuenta de que..., empecé a pensar que...

    5) (=come)
    with infinitive

    • he eventually got to be prime minister — al final llegó a ser primer ministro

    • when do we get to eat? — ¿cuándo comemos?

    • to get to know sb — llegar a conocer a algn

    • he got to like her despite her faults — le llegó a gustar a pesar de sus defectos

    • so when do I get to meet this friend of yours? — ¿cuándo me vas a presentar a este amigo tuyo?

    • I never get to drive the car — nunca tengo oportunidad de conducir el coche

    • to get to see sth/sb — lograr ver algo/a algn

    6) * (=go)

    get! — ¡lárgate! *

    7)

    why have I got to? — ¿por qué tengo que hacerlo?

    * * *
    [get]
    1.
    1) (pres p getting; past got; past p got or AmE also gotten) transitive verb
    2)
    a) ( obtain) \<\<money/information\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<job/staff\>\> conseguir*; \<\<authorization/loan\>\> conseguir*, obtener*; \<\<idea\>\> sacar*

    where did you get that beautiful rug? — ¿dónde conseguiste or encontraste esa alfombra tan preciosa?

    these pears are as good as you'll get, I'm afraid — estas peras son de lo mejorcito que hay (fam)

    to get something from somebody/something: we get our information from official sources sacamos la información de fuentes oficiales; you can get any information from my secretary — mi secretaria le podrá dar toda la información que necesite

    b) ( buy) comprar

    to get something from somebody/something: I get my bread from the local baker le compro el pan al panadero del barrio; I got it from Harrods lo compré en Harrods; we get them from Italy — ( they supply our business) los traen de Italia

    c) (achieve, win) \<\<prize/grade\>\> sacar*, obtener* (frml); \<\<majority\>\> obtener* (frml), conseguir*

    he gets results — consigue or logra lo que se propone

    e) ( on the telephone) \<\<person\>\> lograr comunicarse con

    I got the wrong number — me equivoqué de número; ( having dialled correctly) me salió un número equivocado

    3)
    a) ( receive) \<\<letter/reward/reprimand\>\> recibir

    do I get a kiss, then? — ¿entonces me das un beso?

    he got 12 years for armed robbery — lo condenaron a or (fam) le cayeron 12 años por robo a mano armada

    to get something from somebody: all I ever get from you is criticism lo único que haces es criticarme; she got a warm reception from the audience el público le dio una cálida bienvenida; I do all the work and she gets all the credit yo hago todo el trabajo y ella se lleva la fama; I seldom get the chance rara vez se me presenta la oportunidad; the kitchen doesn't get much sun — en la cocina no da mucho el sol

    b) (Rad, TV) \<\<station\>\> captar, recibir, coger* (esp Esp fam), agarrar (CS fam)
    c) ( be paid) \<\<salary/pay\>\> ganar

    I got £200 for the piano — me dieron 200 libras por el piano

    d) ( experience) \<\<shock/surprise\>\> llevarse

    I get the feeling that... — tengo or me da la sensación de que...

    e) ( suffer)

    how did you get that bump on your head? — ¿cómo te hiciste ese chichón en la cabeza?

    4) (find, have) (colloq)

    we get mainly students in here — nuestros clientes (or visitantes etc) son mayormente estudiantes

    5) ( fetch) \<\<hammer/scissors\>\> traer*, ir* a buscar; \<\<doctor/plumber\>\> llamar

    get your coat — anda or vete a buscar tu abrigo

    she got herself a cup of coffee — se sirvió (or se hizo etc) una taza de café

    6)
    a) ( reach) alcanzar*
    b) ( take hold of) agarrar, coger* (esp Esp)
    c) (catch, trap) pillar (fam), agarrar (AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    d) (assault, kill) (colloq)
    7) ( contract) \<\<cold/flu\>\> agarrar, pescar* (fam), pillar (fam), coger* (esp Esp)
    8) ( catch) \<\<bus/train\>\> tomar, coger* (Esp)
    9) (colloq)
    a) ( irritate) fastidiar

    it gets you right there — (set phrase) te conmueve, te da mucha lástima

    c) ( puzzle)

    what gets me is how... — lo que no entiendo es cómo...

    10)
    a) ( understand) (colloq) entender*

    don't get me wrong — no me malentiendas or malinterpretes

    get it? — ¿entiendes?, ¿agarras or (Esp) coges la onda? (fam)

    b) (hear, take note of) oír*

    did you get the number? — ¿tomaste nota del número?

    11) ( answer) (colloq) \<\<phone\>\> contestar, atender*, coger* (Esp); \<\<door\>\> abrir*
    12) ( possess)
    13) (bring, move, put) (+ adv compl)

    they couldn't get it up the stairs — no lo pudieron subir por las escaleras; see also get across, get in

    14) ( cause to be) (+ adj compl)

    I can't get the window open/shut — no puedo abrir/cerrar la ventana

    they got their feet wet/dirty — se mojaron/se ensuciaron los pies

    15) to get somebody/something + pp

    I must get this watch fixed — tengo que llevar a or (AmL tb) mandar (a) arreglar este reloj

    16) (arrange, persuade, force)

    to get somebody/something to + inf: I'll get him to help you ( order) le diré que te ayude; ( ask) le pediré que te ayude; ( persuade) lo convenceré de que te ayude; she could never get him to understand no podría hacérselo entender; you'll never get them to agree to that no vas a lograr que acepten eso; I can't get it to work — no puedo hacerlo funcionar

    to get somebody/something -ing: it's the sort of record that gets everybody dancing es el tipo de disco que hace bailar a todo el mundo or que hace que todo el mundo baile; can you get the pump working? — ¿puedes hacer funcionar la bomba?


    2.
    get vi
    1) ( reach) (+ adv compl) llegar*

    can you get there by train? — ¿se puede ir en tren?

    how do you get to work? — ¿cómo vas al trabajo?

    can anyone remember where we'd got to? — ¿alguien se acuerda de dónde habíamos quedado?

    to get nowhere, not to get anywhere — see nowhere I 1), anywhere I 1) b)

    to get somewhere — avanzar*, adelantar

    to get there: it's not perfect, but we're getting there — perfecto no es, pero poco a poco...

    2)
    a) ( become)

    to get dressed — vestirse*

    b) (be) (colloq)
    3) to get to + inf
    a) ( come to) llegar* a + inf

    in this job you get to meet many interesting people — en este trabajo uno tiene la oportunidad de conocer a mucha gente interesante

    when do we get to open the presents? — ¿cuándo podemos abrir los regalos?

    4) ( start)

    to get -ing — empezar* a + inf, ponerse* a + inf

    right, let's get moving! — bueno, pongámonos en acción (or en marcha etc)!

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > get

  • 11 most

    1. adjective
    (in greatest number, the majority of) die meisten; (in greatest amount) meist...; größt... [Fähigkeit, Macht, Bedarf, Geduld, Lärm]

    make the most mistakes/noise — die meisten Fehler/den meisten od. größten Lärm machen

    for the most part — größtenteils; zum größten Teil

    2. noun
    1) (greatest amount) das meiste

    offer [the] most for it — das meiste od. am meisten dafür bieten

    pay the most — am meisten bezahlen

    2) (the greater part)

    most of the time — die meiste Zeit; (on most occasions) meistens

    3)

    make the most of something, get the most out of something — etwas voll ausnützen; (represent at its best) das Beste aus etwas machen

    4)

    at [the] most — höchstens

    3. adverb
    1) (more than anything else) am meisten [mögen, interessieren, gefallen, sich wünschen, verlangt]
    2) forming superl.

    this book is the most interesting — dieses Buch ist das interessanteste

    3) (exceedingly) überaus; äußerst
    * * *
    [məust] 1. superlative of many, much (often with the) - adjective
    1) ((the) greatest number or quantity of: Which of the students has read the most books?; Reading is what gives me most enjoyment.) meist
    2) (the majority or greater part of: Most children like playing games; Most modern music is difficult to understand.) die meisten
    2. adverb
    1) (used to form the superlative of many adjectives and adverbs, especially those of more than two syllables: Of all the women I know, she's the most beautiful; the most delicious cake I've ever tasted; We see her mother or father sometimes, but we see her grandmother most frequently.) zur Bildung des Superlatives
    2) (to the greatest degree or extent: They like sweets and biscuits but they like ice-cream most of all.) am meisten
    3) (very or extremely: I'm most grateful to you for everything you've done; a most annoying child.) äußerst
    4) ((American) almost: Most everyone I know has read that book.) fast
    3. pronoun
    1) (the greatest number or quantity: I ate two cakes, but Mary ate more, and John ate (the) most.) am meisten
    2) (the greatest part; the majority: He'll be at home for most of the day; Most of these students speak English; Everyone is leaving - most have gone already.) der größte Teil
    •
    - academic.ru/48122/mostly">mostly
    - at the most
    - at most
    - for the most part
    - make the most of something
    - make the most of
    * * *
    [məʊst, AM moʊst]
    I. pron
    ▪ the \most am meisten
    what's the \most you've ever won at cards? was war das meiste, das du beim Kartenspielen gewonnen hast?
    when she shared the food out, John got the \most als sie das Essen verteilte, bekam John am meisten
    they had the \most to lose sie hatten am meisten zu verlieren
    at the [very] \most [aller]höchstens
    she's 50 at the very \most sie ist allerhöchstens 50
    ▪ \most of sb/sth die meisten
    in this school, \most of the children are from the Chinese community in dieser Schule sind die meisten Kinder chinesischer Abstammung
    \most of the things I forget are unimportant anyway die meisten Dinge, die ich vergesse, sind sowieso unwichtig
    I spent \most of the winter on the coast ich verbrachte einen Großteil des Winters an der Küste
    2. pl (the majority) die Mehrheit
    \most are in favour of tax reform die Mehrheit befürwortet die Steuerreform
    3. (best)
    ▪ the \most höchstens
    the \most I can do is try ich kann nicht mehr tun als es versuchen
    the \most they can expect is a 4% pay increase sie können höchstens eine 4-prozentige Gehaltserhöhung erwarten
    to get the \most out of life das meiste aus dem Leben machen
    to be the \most (sl) der/die Größte sein
    he's the \most — I wish he were interested in me er ist so toll — ich wünschte, er würde sich für mich interessieren
    to make the \most of sth das Beste aus etw dat machen
    it's a lovely day — we must make the \most of it was für ein schöner Tag — wir müssen ihn nutzen
    to make the \most of one's opportunities das Beste aus seinen Chancen machen; (represent at its best) etw hervorstreichen
    how to make the \most of your features so unterstreichen Sie Ihre Züge richtig
    II. adj det
    1. (greatest in amount, degree) am meisten
    which of you earns the \most money? wer von euch verdient am meisten Geld?
    they've had the \most success sie hatten größten Erfolg
    2. (majority of, nearly all) die meisten
    I don't eat meat, but I like \most types of fish ich esse kein Fleisch, aber ich mag die meisten Fischsorten
    we like \most students wir mögen die meisten Studenten
    for the \most part für gewöhnlich
    the older members, for the \most part, shun him die älteren Mitglieder meiden ihn für gewöhnlich
    III. adv inv
    1. (forming superlative) im Deutschen durch Superlativ ausgedrückt
    that's what I'm \most afraid of davor habe ich die meiste Angst
    Joanne is the \most intelligent person I know Joanne ist der intelligenteste Mensch, den ich kenne
    the \most intelligent animal das intelligenteste Tier
    \most easily/rapidly/thoroughly am leichtesten/schnellsten/gründlichsten
    sandy plains where fire tends to spread \most quickly sandige Ebenen, auf denen sich das Feuer besonders rasch ausbreitet
    \most important/unfortunate wichtigste(r, s)/unglücklichste(r, s)
    the \most important event of my life das wichtigste Ereignis in meinem Leben
    2. ( form: extremely) höchst, äußerst, überaus geh
    it was a \most unfortunate accident es war ein äußerst bedauerlicher Unfall
    it's \most kind of you to help me es ist überaus freundlich von Ihnen, dass Sie mir helfen
    their situation was \most embarrassing ihre Lage war höchst unangenehm
    he told me a \most interesting story er erzählte mir eine sehr interessante Geschichte
    it was a \most unusual car es war ein ganz ungewöhnliches Auto
    it was a \most beautiful morning es war ein besonders schöner Morgen
    \most certainly ganz bestimmt [o gewiss], mit absoluter Sicherheit
    \most likely höchstwahrscheinlich
    that's \most probably correct das ist höchstwahrscheinlich richtig
    \most unlikely höchst unwahrscheinlich
    3. (to the greatest extent) am meisten
    what annoyed me \most... was mich am meisten gestört hat...
    the things he \most enjoyed die Dinge, die ihm am besten gefielen
    at \most höchstens
    we've got enough rations for a week at \most die Rationen reichen höchstens für eine Woche
    \most of all am allermeisten
    I like the blue one \most of all der/die/das Blaue gefällt mir am besten
    \most of all, I hope that... ganz besonders hoffe ich, dass...
    she likes broccoli and carrots but likes green beans \most of all sie mag Broccoli und Karotten, ganz besonders aber grüne Bohnen
    what she wanted \most of all was sie am meisten wollte
    4. AM ( fam: almost) beinah[e], fast
    they watch TV \most every evening sie sehen beinahe jeden Abend fern
    \most everyone understood fast jeder verstand
    * * *
    [məʊst]
    1. adj superl
    1) meiste(r, s); (= greatest) satisfaction, pleasure etc größte(r, s); (= highest) speed etc höchste(r, s)

    who has (the) most money? —

    for the most part — größtenteils, zum größten Teil

    2) (= the majority of) die meisten

    most men/people — die meisten (Menschen/Leute)

    2. n, pron
    (uncountable) das meiste; (countable) die meisten

    most of the winter/day — fast den ganzen Winter/Tag über

    most of the time — die meiste Zeit, fast die ganze Zeit

    to make the most of a story — so viel wie möglich aus einer Geschichte__nbsp;machen

    to make the most of one's looks or of oneself —

    the hostess with the mostest (inf) it's the most! (dated sl) — die Supergastgeberin (inf) das ist dufte! (dated sl)

    3. adv
    1) superl (+vbs) am meisten; (+adj) -ste(r, s); (+adv) am -sten

    the most beautiful/difficult etc... — der/die/das schönste/schwierigste etc...

    what most displeased him..., what displeased him most... — was ihm am meisten missfiel...

    most of all because... — vor allem, weil...

    2) (= very) äußerst, überaus

    most likely —

    he added most unnecessarily... — er sagte noch völlig unnötigerweise...

    he had told you most explicitly — er hat Ihnen doch ganz eindeutig gesagt...

    3) (old, dial: almost) fast, so ziemlich (inf), schier (old, S__nbsp;Ger)
    * * *
    most [məʊst]
    A adj (adv → mostly)
    1. meist(er, e, es), größt(er, e, es):
    for the most part größten-, meistenteils
    2. (vor Substantiv im pl, meist ohne Artikel) die meisten:
    most people die meisten Leute;
    (the) most votes die meisten Stimmen
    B s
    1. (das) Meiste, (das) Höchste, (das) Äußerste:
    the most he accomplished das Höchste, das er vollbrachte;
    a) etwas nach Kräften ausnützen, (noch) das Beste aus einer Sache herausholen oder machen,
    b) (zum eigenen Vorteil) etwas ins beste oder schlechteste Licht stellen;
    at (the) most höchstens, bestenfalls
    2. das meiste, der größte Teil:
    he spent most of his time there er verbrachte die meiste Zeit dort
    3. die meisten pl:
    better than most besser als die meisten;
    most of my friends die meisten meiner Freunde
    C adv
    1. am meisten:
    what most tempted me was mich am meisten lockte;
    most of all am allermeisten
    2. (zur Bildung des sup):
    the most important point der wichtigste Punkt;
    most deeply impressed am tiefsten beeindruckt;
    most rapidly am schnellsten, schnellstens;
    most certainly ganz sicher
    3. (vor adj) höchst, äußerst, überaus:
    he’s most likely to come er kommt höchstwahrscheinlich
    4. US umg oder dial fast, beinahe:
    * * *
    1. adjective
    (in greatest number, the majority of) die meisten; (in greatest amount) meist...; größt... [Fähigkeit, Macht, Bedarf, Geduld, Lärm]

    make the most mistakes/noise — die meisten Fehler/den meisten od. größten Lärm machen

    for the most part — größtenteils; zum größten Teil

    2. noun
    1) (greatest amount) das meiste

    offer [the] most for it — das meiste od. am meisten dafür bieten

    most of the time — die meiste Zeit; (on most occasions) meistens

    most of what he said — das meiste von dem, was er sagte

    3)

    make the most of something, get the most out of something — etwas voll ausnützen; (represent at its best) das Beste aus etwas machen

    4)

    at [the] most — höchstens

    3. adverb
    1) (more than anything else) am meisten [mögen, interessieren, gefallen, sich wünschen, verlangt]
    2) forming superl.
    3) (exceedingly) überaus; äußerst
    * * *
    adj.
    größt adj.
    höchst adj.
    meist adj.

    English-german dictionary > most

  • 12 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.

    Тематики

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    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 13 to

    1.
    [before vowel tʊ, before consonant tə, stressed tuː] preposition
    1) (in the direction of and reaching) zu; (with name of place) nach

    go to work/to the theatre — zur Arbeit/ins Theater gehen

    to Paris/France — nach Paris/Frankreich

    2) (towards a condition or quality) zu
    3) (as far as) bis zu

    from London to Edinburgh — von London [bis] nach Edinburgh

    increase from 10 % to 20 % — von 10 % auf 20 % steigen

    with one's back to the wall — mit dem Rücken zur Wand

    [compared] to — verglichen mit; im Vergleich zu

    it's ten to one he does something — die Chancen stehen zehn zu eins, dass er etwas tut

    to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache (Dat.)

    lend/explain etc. something to somebody — jemandem etwas leihen/erklären usw.

    to me — (in my opinion) meiner Meinung nach

    what's that to you? — was geht das dich an?

    7) (until) bis

    to the end — bis zum Ende

    five [minutes] to eight — fünf [Minuten] vor acht

    8) with infinitive of a verb zu; expressing purpose, or after academic.ru/75540/too">too um [...] zu

    too young to marry — zu jung, um zu heiraten; zu jung zum Heiraten

    to rebel is pointless — es ist sinnlos zu rebellieren

    he would have phoned but forgot to — er hätte angerufen, aber er vergaß es

    she didn't want to go there, but she had to — sie wollte nicht hingehen, aber sie musste

    2.
    [tuː] adverb
    1) (just not shut)

    be to — [Tür, Fenster:] angelehnt sein

    2)
    * * *
    1. [tə,tu] preposition
    1) (towards; in the direction of: I cycled to the station; The book fell to the floor; I went to the concert/lecture/play.) zu, auf
    2) (as far as: His story is a lie from beginning to end.) bis
    3) (until: Did you stay to the end of the concert?) bis
    4) (sometimes used to introduce the indirect object of a verb: He sent it to us; You're the only person I can talk to.) zu, mit
    5) (used in expressing various relations: Listen to me!; Did you reply to his letter?; Where's the key to this door?; He sang to (the accompaniment of) his guitar.) zu, für
    6) (into a particular state or condition: She tore the letter to pieces.) in
    7) (used in expressing comparison or proportion: He's junior to me; Your skill is superior to mine; We won the match by 5 goals to 2.) gegenüber, zu
    8) (showing the purpose or result of an action etc: He came quickly to my assistance; To my horror, he took a gun out of his pocket.) zu
    9) ([tə] used before an infinitive eg after various verbs and adjectives, or in other constructions: I want to go!; He asked me to come; He worked hard to (= in order to) earn a lot of money; These buildings were designed to (= so as to) resist earthquakes; She opened her eyes to find him standing beside her; I arrived too late to see him.) zu, um zu
    10) (used instead of a complete infinitive: He asked her to stay but she didn't want to.) zu
    2. [tu:] adverb
    1) (into a closed or almost closed position: He pulled/pushed the door to.) zu
    2) (used in phrasal verbs and compounds: He came to (= regained consciousness).) zu sich, dran
    •
    * * *
    to
    [tu:, tu, tə]
    1. (moving towards) in + akk
    , nach + dat
    , zu + dat
    she walked over \to the window sie ging [hinüber] zum Fenster [o ans Fenster]
    we're going \to town wir gehen/fahren in die Stadt
    they go \to work on the bus sie fahren mit dem Bus zur Arbeit
    I'm going \to a party/concert ich gehe auf eine Party/ein Konzert
    she has to go \to a meeting now sie muss jetzt zu einem Meeting [gehen]
    we moved \to Germany last year wir sind letztes Jahr nach Deutschland gezogen
    he flew \to the US er flog in die USA
    she's never been \to Mexico before sie ist noch nie [zuvor] in Mexiko gewesen
    my first visit \to Africa mein erster Aufenthalt in Afrika
    this is a road \to nowhere! diese Straße führt nirgendwohin!
    parallel \to the x axis parallel zur x-Achse
    from here \to the station von hier [bis] zum Bahnhof
    on the way \to the mountains/the sea/the town centre auf dem Weg in die Berge/zum Meer/ins [o zum] Stadtzentrum
    \to the north/south nördlich/südlich
    twenty miles \to the north of the city zwanzig Meilen nördlich der Stadt
    the suburbs are \to the west of the city die Vororte liegen im Westen der Stadt
    from place \to place von Ort zu Ort
    \to the right/left nach rechts/links
    there \to the right dort rechts
    he's standing \to the left of Adrian er steht links neben Adrian
    2. (attending regularly) zu + dat
    , in + dat
    she goes \to kindergarten sie geht in den Kindergarten
    he goes \to university er geht auf die Universität
    do you go \to church? gehst du in die Kirche?
    I go \to the gym twice a week ich gehe zweimal wöchentlich zum Fitness
    3. (inviting to) zu + dat
    an invitation \to a wedding eine Einladung zu einer Hochzeit
    I've asked them \to dinner ich habe sie zum Essen eingeladen
    she took me out \to lunch yesterday sie hat mich gestern zum Mittagessen ausgeführt [o eingeladen
    she pointed \to a distant spot on the horizon sie zeigte auf einen fernen Punkt am Horizont
    to have one's back \to sth/sb etw/jdm den Rücken zudrehen
    back \to front verkehrt herum
    5. (in contact with) an + dat
    they were dancing cheek \to cheek sie tanzten Wange an Wange
    she put her hand \to his breast sie legte die Hand auf seine Brust
    she clasped the letter \to her bosom sie drückte den Brief an ihre Brust
    6. (attached to) an + akk
    tie the lead \to the fence mach die Leine am Zaun fest
    they fixed the bookshelves \to the wall sie brachten die Bücherregale an der Wand an
    stick the ads \to some paper klebe die Anzeigen auf ein Blatt Papier
    7. (with indirect object)
    ▪ \to sb/sth jdm/etw dat
    I lent my bike \to my brother ich habe meinem Bruder mein Fahrrad geliehen
    give that gun \to me gib mir das Gewehr
    children are often cruel \to each other Kinder sind oft grausam zueinander
    who's the letter addressed \to? an wen ist der Brief adressiert?
    what have they done \to you? was haben sie dir [an]getan?
    her knowledge proved useful \to him ihr Wissen erwies sich als hilfreich für ihn
    they made a complaint \to the manager sie reichten beim Geschäftsleiter eine Beschwerde ein
    a threat \to world peace eine Bedrohung des Weltfriedens [o für den Weltfrieden]
    to be grateful \to sb jdm dankbar sein
    to be married \to sb mit jdm verheiratet sein
    to tell/show sth \to sb jdm etw erzählen/zeigen
    and what did you say \to that? und was hast du dazu gesagt?
    he finally confessed \to the crime er gestand schließlich das Verbrechen
    this is essential \to our strategy dies ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Strategie
    9. (in response) auf + akk
    a reference \to Psalm 22:18 ein Verweis auf Psalm 22:18
    her reply \to the question ihre Antwort auf die Frage
    and what was her response \to that? und wie lautete ihr Antwort darauf?
    10. (belonging to) zu + dat
    the keys \to his car seine Autoschlüssel
    the top \to this pen die Kappe, die auf diesen Stift gehört
    she has a mean side \to her sie kann auch sehr gemein sein
    there is a very moral tone \to this book dieses Buch hat einen sehr moralischen Unterton
    there's a funny side \to everything alles hat auch seine komische Seite
    11. (compared to) mit + dat
    I prefer beef \to seafood ich ziehe Rindfleisch Meeresfrüchten vor
    she looked about thirty \to his sixty neben ihm mit seinen sechzig Jahren wirkte sie wie dreißig
    to be comparable \to sth mit etw dat vergleichbar sein
    [to be] nothing \to sth nichts im Vergleich zu etw dat [sein]
    her wage is nothing \to what she could earn ihr Einkommen steht in keinem Vergleich zu dem, was sie verdienen könnte
    to be superior \to sb jdm übergeordnet sein, höher stehen als jd
    12. (in scores) zu + dat
    Paul beat me by three games \to two Paul hat im Spiel drei zu zwei gegen mich gewonnen
    Manchester won three \to one Manchester hat drei zu eins gewonnen
    13. (until) bis + dat
    , zu + dat
    I read up \to page 100 ich habe bis Seite 100 gelesen
    unemployment has risen \to almost 8 million die Arbeitslosigkeit ist auf fast 8 Millionen angestiegen
    count \to 20 zähle bis 20
    it's about fifty miles \to New York es sind [noch] etwa fünfzig Meilen bis New York
    14. (expressing change of state) zu + dat
    he converted \to Islam er ist zum Islam übergetreten
    his expression changed from amazement \to joy sein Ausdruck wechselte von Erstaunen zu Freude
    the change \to the metric system der Wechsel zum metrischen System
    her promotion \to department manager ihre Beförderung zur Abteilungsleiterin
    the meat was cooked \to perfection das Fleisch war bestens zubereitet
    he drank himself \to death er trank sich zu Tode
    she nursed me back \to health sie hat mich [wieder] gesund gepflegt
    smashed \to pieces in tausend Stücke geschlagen
    she was close \to tears sie war den Tränen nahe
    he was thrilled \to bits er freute sich wahnsinnig
    15. (to point in time) bis + dat
    the shop is open \to 8.00 p.m. der Laden hat bis 20 Uhr geöffnet
    we're in this \to the end wir führen dies bis zum Ende
    and \to this day... und bis auf den heutigen Tag...
    it's only two weeks \to your birthday! es sind nur noch zwei Wochen bis zu deinem Geburtstag!
    16. (including)
    ▪ from... \to... von... bis...
    from beginning \to end von Anfang bis Ende
    from morning \to night von morgens bis abends
    front \to back von vorne bis hinten, von allen Seiten
    I read the document front \to back ich habe das Dokument von vorne bis hinten gelesen
    he's done everything from snowboarding \to windsurfing er hat von Snowboarden bis Windsurfen alles [mal] gemacht
    from simple theft \to cold-blooded murder vom einfachen Diebstahl bis zum kaltblütigen Mord
    17. BRIT (in clock times) vor, bis SÜDD
    it's twenty \to six es ist zwanzig vor sechs
    18. (causing) zu + dat
    \to my relief/horror/astonishment zu meiner Erleichterung/meinem Entsetzen/meinem Erstaunen
    much \to her surprise zu ihrer großen Überraschung
    19. (according to) für + akk
    \to me, it sounds like she's ending the relationship für mich hört sich das an, als ob sie die Beziehung beenden wollte
    that outfit looks good \to me das Outfit gefällt mir gut
    if it's acceptable \to you wenn Sie einverstanden sind
    this would be \to your advantage das wäre zu deinem Vorteil, das wäre für dich von Vorteil
    does this make any sense \to you? findest du das auf irgendeine Weise einleuchtend?
    fifty pounds is nothing \to him fünfzig Pfund sind nichts für ihn
    what's it \to you? ( fam) was geht dich das an?
    20. (serving) für + akk
    he works as a personal trainer \to the rich and famous er arbeitet als Personal Trainer für die Reichen und Berühmten
    they are hat makers \to Her Majesty the Queen sie sind Hutmacher Ihrer Majestät, der Königin
    economic adviser \to the president Wirtschaftsberater des Präsidenten
    21. FILM (next to)
    she was Ophelia \to Olivier's Hamlet in der Verfilmung von Olivier spielte sie neben Hamlet die Ophelia
    22. (in honour of) auf + akk
    here's \to you! auf dein/Ihr Wohl!
    \to the cook! auf den Koch/die Köchin!
    the record is dedicated \to her mother die Schallplatte ist ihrer Mutter gewidmet
    I propose a toast \to the bride and groom ich bringe einen Toast auf die Braut und den Bräutigam aus
    a memorial \to all the soldiers who died in Vietnam ein Denkmal für alle im Vietnamkrieg gefallenen Soldaten
    23. (per)
    the car gets 25 miles \to the gallon das Auto verbraucht eine Gallone auf 25 Meilen
    three parts oil \to one part vinegar drei Teile Öl auf einen Teil Essig
    the odds are 2 \to 1 that you'll lose die Chancen stehen 2 zu 1, dass du verlierst
    she awoke \to the sound of screaming sie wurden durch laute Schreie wach
    I like exercising \to music ich trainiere gerne mit Musik
    I can't dance \to this sort of music ich kann zu dieser Art Musik nicht tanzen
    the band walked on stage \to rapturous applause die Band zog unter tosendem Applaus auf die Bühne
    25. (roughly) bis + dat
    thirty \to thirty-five people dreißig bis fünfunddreißig Leute
    26. MATH (defining exponent) hoch
    ten \to the power of three zehn hoch drei
    27.
    ▶ that's all there is \to it das ist schon alles
    ▶ there's not much [or nothing] \to it das ist nichts Besonderes, da ist nichts Besonderes dabei
    1. (expressing future intention) zu
    she agreed \to help sie erklärte sich bereit zu helfen
    I'll have \to tell him ich werde es ihm sagen müssen
    I don't expect \to be finished any later than seven ich denke, dass ich spätestens um sieben fertig sein werde
    he lived \to see his first grandchild er durfte erleben, dass sein erstes Enkelkind geboren wurde
    I have \to go on a business trip ich muss auf eine Geschäftsreise
    the company is \to pay over £500,000 die Firma muss über 500.000 Pfund bezahlen
    he's going \to write his memoirs er wird seine Memoiren schreiben
    I have some things \to be fixed ich habe einige Dinge zu reparieren
    Blair \to meet with Bush Blair trifft Bush
    to be about \to do sth gerade etw tun wollen, im Begriff sein, etw zu tun
    2. (forming requests) zu
    she was told \to have the report finished by Friday sie wurde gebeten, den Bericht bis Freitag fertigzustellen
    he told me \to wait er sagte mir, ich solle warten
    I asked her \to give me a call ich bat sie, mich anzurufen
    we asked her \to explain wir baten sie, es uns zu erklären
    you've not \to do that du sollst das nicht tun
    that man is not \to come here again der Mann darf dieses Haus nicht mehr betreten
    young man, you're \to go to your room right now junger Mann, du gehst jetzt auf dein Zimmer
    3. (expressing wish) zu
    I need \to eat something first ich muss zuerst etwas essen
    I'd love \to live in New York ich würde nur zu gern in New York leben
    would you like \to dance? möchten Sie tanzen?
    that child ought \to be in bed das Kind sollte [schon] im Bett sein
    I want \to go now ich möchte jetzt gehen
    I need \to go to the bathroom ich muss mal auf die Toilette
    do you want \to come with us? willst du [mit uns] mitkommen?
    I'd love \to go to France this summer ich würde diesen Sommer gern nach Frankreich fahren
    4. (omitting verb)
    are you going tonight? — I'm certainly hoping \to gehst du heute Abend? — das hoffe ich sehr
    would you like to go and see the Russian clowns? — yes, I'd love \to möchtest du gern die russischen Clowns sehen? — ja, sehr gern
    can you drive? — yes I'm able \to but I prefer not \to kannst du Auto fahren? — ja, das kann ich, aber ich fahre nicht gern
    5. after adj (to complete meaning)
    it's not likely \to happen es ist unwahrscheinlich, dass das geschieht, das wird wohl kaum geschehen
    I was afraid \to tell her ich hatte Angst, es ihr zu sagen
    he's able \to speak four languages er spricht vier Sprachen
    she's due \to have her baby sie bekommt bald ihr Baby
    I'm afraid \to fly ich habe Angst vorm Fliegen
    she's happy \to see you back sie ist froh, dass du wieder zurück bist
    I'm sorry \to hear that es tut mir leid, das zu hören
    easy \to use leicht zu bedienen
    languages are fun \to learn Sprachenlernen macht Spaß
    it is interesting \to know that es ist interessant, das zu wissen
    three months is too long \to wait drei Monate zu warten ist zu lang
    I'm too nervous \to talk right now ich bin zu nervös, um jetzt zu sprechen
    I'm going there \to see my sister ich gehe dort hin, um meine Schwester zu treffen
    she's gone \to pick Jean up sie ist Jean abholen gegangen
    my second attempt \to make flaky pastry mein zweiter Versuch, einen Blätterteig zu machen
    they have no reason \to lie sie haben keinerlei Grund zu lügen
    I have the chance \to buy a house cheaply ich habe die Gelegenheit, billig ein Haus zu kaufen
    something \to eat etwas zu essen
    the first person \to arrive die erste Person, die ankam [o eintraf]
    Armstrong was the first man \to walk on the moon Armstrong war der erste Mann, der den Mond betrat
    7. (expressing intent)
    we tried \to help wir versuchten zu helfen
    \to make this cake, you'll need... für diesen Kuchen braucht man...
    he managed \to escape es gelang ihm zu entkommen
    I don't know what \to do ich weiß nicht, was ich tun soll
    I don't know where \to begin ich weiß nicht, wo ich anfangen soll
    she was wondering whether \to ask David about it sie fragte sich, ob sie David deswegen fragen sollte
    can you tell me how \to get there? könne Sie mir sagen, wie ich dort hinkomme?
    9. (introducing clause)
    \to tell the truth [or \to be truthful] um die Wahrheit zu sagen
    \to be quite truthful with you, Dave, I never really liked the man ich muss dir ehrlich sagen, Dave, ich konnte diesen Mann noch nie leiden
    \to be honest um ehrlich zu sein
    10. (in consecutive acts) um zu
    he looked up \to greet his guests er blickte auf, um seine Gäste zu begrüßen
    she reached out \to take his hand sie griff nach seiner Hand
    they turned around \to find their car gone sie drehten sich um und bemerkten, dass ihr Auto verschwunden war
    III. ADVERB
    inv zu
    to push [or pull] the door \to die Tür zuschlagen
    to come \to zu sich dat kommen
    to set \to sich akk daranmachen fam
    they set \to with a will, determined to finish the job sie machten sich mit Nachdruck daran, entschlossen, die Arbeit zu Ende zu bringen
    * * *
    [tuː]
    1. PREPOSITION
    1) = in direction of, towards zu

    to go to the doctor( 's)/greengrocer's etc — zum Arzt/Gemüsehändler etc gehen

    to go to the opera/concert etc — in die Oper/ins Konzert etc gehen

    to go to France/London — nach Frankreich/London fahren

    to go to Switzerland —

    he came up to where I was standing —

    to turn a picture/one's face to the wall — ein Bild/sich mit dem Gesicht zur Wand drehen

    2) = as far as, until bis

    to count (up) to 20 —

    3) = in in (+dat)

    I have never been to Brussels/India — ich war noch nie in Brüssel/Indien

    4)

    = secure to he nailed it to the wall/floor etc — er nagelte es an die Wand/auf den Boden etc

    they tied him to the tree —

    5)

    with indirect object to give sth to sb — jdm etw geben

    a present from me to you —

    I said to myself... — ich habe mir gesagt...

    he was muttering/singing to himself — er murmelte/sang vor sich hin

    "To... " (on envelope etc) to pray to God — "An (+acc)..." zu Gott beten

    6) in toasts auf (+acc)
    7)

    = next to with position bumper to bumper — Stoßstange an Stoßstange

    close to sb/sth — nahe bei jdm/etw

    at right angles to the wall —

    to the west (of)/the left (of) — westlich/links (von)

    20 ( minutes) to 2 — 20 (Minuten) vor 2

    at (a) quarter to 2 — um Viertel vor 2

    it was five to when we arrived — es war fünf vor, als wir ankamen

    9) = in relation to zu

    A is to B as C is to D —

    they won by 4 goals to 2 — sie haben mit 4:2 (spoken: vier zu zwei) Toren gewonnen

    10) = per pro; (in recipes, when mixing) auf (+acc)
    11) MATH

    3 to the 4th, 3 to the power of 4 — 3 hoch 4

    12)

    = concerning what do you say to the idea? — was hältst du von der Idee?

    to repairing television £30 (Comm) — (für) Reparatur eines Fernsehers £ 30

    13)

    = according to to the best of my knowledge — nach bestem Wissen

    14)

    = accompanied by to sing to the guitar —

    to sing sth to the tune of... — etw nach der Melodie von... singen

    to dance to a tune/a band — zu einer Melodie/den Klängen or der Musik eines Orchesters tanzen

    15)

    = of ambassador to America/the King of France — Botschafter in Amerika/am Hofe des Königs von Frankreich

    16)

    = producing to everyone's surprise — zu jedermanns Überraschung

    17)

    infinitive to begin to do sth — anfangen, etw zu tun

    I want him to do it — ich will, dass er es tut

    18)

    conditional use of infinitive to see him now, one would never think... — wenn man ihn jetzt sieht, würde man nicht glauben,...

    19)

    infinitive expressing purpose, result to eat/work to live —

    I did it to help you — ich tat es, um dir zu helfen

    to get to the point,... — um zur Sache zu kommen,...

    well, not to exaggerate... — ohne zu übertreiben,...

    I arrived to find she had gone — als ich ankam, war sie weg

    20)

    omitting verb I don't want to — ich will nicht

    we didn't want to but we were forced to — wir wollten nicht, aber wir waren dazu gezwungen

    I intended to (do it), but I forgot (to) — ich wollte es tun, aber ich habe es vergessen

    buy it, it would be silly not to — kaufe es, es wäre dumm, es nicht zu tun

    he often does things one doesn't expect him to — er macht oft Dinge, die man nicht von ihm erwartet

    21)

    set structures __diams; noun/pronoun + to + infinitive he is not the sort to do that — er ist nicht der Typ, der das täte, er ist nicht der Typ dazu

    I have done nothing to deserve this — ich habe nichts getan, womit ich das verdient hätte

    who is he to order you around? — wer ist er denn, dass er dich so herumkommandiert?

    he was the first to arrive — er kam als Erster an, er war der Erste, der ankam

    who was the last to see her? —

    what is there to do here? —

    now is the time to do it — jetzt ist die (beste) Zeit, es zu tun

    you are foolish to try it — du bist dumm, das überhaupt zu versuchen

    is it good to eat? —

    he's too old to be still in short trousers — er ist schon so alt und trägt noch kurze Hosen

    2. ADJECTIVE
    door (= ajar) angelehnt; (= shut) zu
    3. ADVERB

    to and fro — hin und her; walk auf und ab

    * * *
    to
    A präp [tuː; tʊ; tə]
    2. (Richtung und Ziel, räumlich) zu, nach, an (akk), in (akk), auf (akk):
    go to London nach London fahren;
    from east to west von Osten nach Westen;
    throw sth to the ground etwas auf den oder zu Boden werfen
    3. in (dat):
    have you ever been to London?
    4. (Richtung, Ziel, Zweck) zu, auf (akk), an (akk), in (akk), für, gegen:
    play to a large audience vor einem großen Publikum spielen; → duty A 1 a, invite A 1, pray B 2, etc
    5. (Zugehörigkeit) zu, in (akk), für, auf (akk):
    a cap with a tassel to it eine Mütze mit einer Troddel (daran);
    a key to the case ein Schlüssel für den oder zum Koffer;
    a room to myself ein Zimmer für mich (allein); → assistant B 1, end C 7, moral B 1, secretary 1, etc
    6. (Übereinstimmung, Gemäßheit) nach, für, gemäß: → astonishment, etc
    7. (im Verhältnis oder Vergleich) zu, gegen, gegenüber, auf (akk), mit:
    the score is three to one (3-1) das Spiel oder es steht drei zu eins (3:1);
    two is to four as four is to eight zwei verhält sich zu vier wie vier zu acht
    8. (Ausmaß, Grenze, Grad) bis, (bis) zu, (bis) an (akk), auf (akk), in (dat):
    to the clouds bis an die Wolken;
    ten feet to the ground zehn Fuß bis zum Boden; → craziness
    9. (zeitliche Ausdehnung oder Grenze) bis, bis zu, bis gegen, auf (akk), vor (dat):
    from three to four von drei bis vier (Uhr);
    it’s ten to five es ist zehn vor fünf
    10. (Begleitung) zu, nach:
    sing to a guitar zu einer Gitarre singen;
    they danced to a tune sie tanzten nach einer Melodie; → dance A 1
    a) betont:
    he gave the book to me, not to you! er gab das Buch mir, nicht Ihnen!
    she was a good mother to him sie war ihm eine gute Mutter
    B partikel [tʊ; tə]
    to go gehen;
    easy to understand leicht zu verstehen;
    she was heard to cry man hörte sie weinen
    2. (Zweck, Absicht) um zu, zu:
    he only does it to earn money er tut es nur, um Geld zu verdienen
    I weep to think of it ich weine, wenn ich daran denke;
    he was the first to arrive er kam als Erster;
    to hear him talk wenn man ihn (so) reden hört; → honest A 1 b
    why blame you me to love you? obs oder poet was tadelst du mich, weil ich dich liebe?
    5. zur Andeutung eines aus dem Vorhergehenden zu ergänzenden Infinitivs:
    I don’t go because I don’t want to ich gehe nicht, weil ich nicht (gehen) will
    C adv [tuː]
    1. a) zu, geschlossen:
    pull the door to die Türe zuziehen
    b) angelehnt:
    2. (wieder) zu Bewusstsein oder zu sich: → bring to A 1, come to 1
    3. SCHIFF nahe am Wind:
    keep her to!
    a) hin und her,
    b) auf und ab
    * * *
    1.
    [before vowel tʊ, before consonant tə, stressed tuː] preposition

    go to work/to the theatre — zur Arbeit/ins Theater gehen

    to Paris/France — nach Paris/Frankreich

    3) (as far as) bis zu

    from London to Edinburgh — von London [bis] nach Edinburgh

    increase from 10 % to 20 % — von 10 % auf 20 % steigen

    4) (next to, facing)
    5) (implying comparison, ratio, etc.)

    [compared] to — verglichen mit; im Vergleich zu

    it's ten to one he does something — die Chancen stehen zehn zu eins, dass er etwas tut

    to somebody/something — jemandem/einer Sache (Dat.)

    lend/explain etc. something to somebody — jemandem etwas leihen/erklären usw.

    to me — (in my opinion) meiner Meinung nach

    7) (until) bis

    five [minutes] to eight — fünf [Minuten] vor acht

    8) with infinitive of a verb zu; expressing purpose, or after too um [...] zu

    do something to annoy somebody — etwas tun, um jemanden zu ärgern

    too young to marry — zu jung, um zu heiraten; zu jung zum Heiraten

    he would have phoned but forgot to — er hätte angerufen, aber er vergaß es

    she didn't want to go there, but she had to — sie wollte nicht hingehen, aber sie musste

    2.
    [tuː] adverb

    be to — [Tür, Fenster:] angelehnt sein

    2)

    English-german dictionary > to

  • 14 come

    come [kʌm]
    venir ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) se produire ⇒ 1 (e) exister ⇒ 1 (h) devenir ⇒ 1 (i) en venir à ⇒ 1 (j)
    (pt came [keɪm], pp come [kʌm])
    ∎ she won't come when she's called elle ne vient pas quand on l'appelle;
    ∎ here come the children voici les enfants qui arrivent;
    ∎ here he comes! le voilà qui arrive!;
    ∎ it's stuck - ah, no, it's coming! c'est coincé - ah, non, ça vient!;
    ∎ coming! j'arrive!;
    ∎ come here! venez ici!; (to dog) au pied!;
    ∎ come to the office tomorrow passez ou venez au bureau demain;
    ∎ he came to me for advice il est venu me demander conseil;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong person vous vous adressez à la mauvaise personne;
    ∎ you've come to the wrong place vous vous êtes trompé de chemin, vous faites fausse route;
    ∎ if you're looking for sun, you've come to the wrong place si c'est le soleil que vous cherchez, il ne fallait pas venir ici;
    ∎ come with me (accompany) venez avec moi, accompagnez-moi; (follow) suivez-moi;
    ∎ please come this way par ici ou suivez-moi s'il vous plaît;
    ∎ I come this way every week je passe par ici toutes les semaines;
    ∎ American come and look, come look venez voir;
    ∎ familiar come and get it! à la soupe!;
    ∎ he came whistling up the stairs il a monté l'escalier en sifflant;
    ∎ a car came hurtling round the corner une voiture a pris le virage à toute vitesse;
    ∎ to come and go (gen) aller et venir; figurative (pains, cramps etc) être intermittent;
    ∎ people are constantly coming and going il y a un va-et-vient continuel;
    ∎ fashions come and go la mode change tout le temps;
    ∎ after many years had come and gone après bien des années;
    ∎ familiar I don't know whether I'm coming or going je ne sais pas où j'en suis;
    ∎ you have come a long way vous êtes venu de loin; figurative (made progress) vous avez fait du chemin;
    ∎ the computer industry has come a very long way since then l'informatique a fait énormément de progrès depuis ce temps-là;
    ∎ also figurative to come running arriver en courant;
    ∎ we could see him coming a mile off on l'a vu venir avec ses gros sabots;
    ∎ figurative you could see it coming on l'a vu venir de loin, c'était prévisible;
    ∎ proverb everything comes to him who waits tout vient à point à qui sait attendre
    (b) (as guest, visitor) venir;
    ∎ can you come to my party on Saturday night? est-ce que tu peux venir à ma soirée samedi?;
    ∎ I'm sorry, I can't come (je suis) désolé, je ne peux pas venir;
    ∎ would you like to come for lunch/dinner? voulez-vous venir déjeuner/dîner?;
    ∎ I can only come for an hour or so je ne pourrai venir que pour une heure environ;
    ∎ come for a ride in the car viens faire un tour en voiture;
    ∎ she's come for her money elle est venue prendre son argent;
    ∎ I've got people coming (short stay) j'ai des invités; (long stay) il y a des gens qui viennent;
    ∎ Angela came and we had a chat Angela est venue et on a bavardé;
    ∎ they came for a week and stayed a month ils sont venus pour une semaine et ils sont restés un mois;
    ∎ he couldn't have come at a worse time il n'aurait pas pu tomber plus mal
    (c) (arrive) venir, arriver;
    ∎ to come in time/late arriver à temps/en retard;
    ∎ I've just come from the post office j'arrive de la poste à l'instant;
    ∎ we came to a small town nous sommes arrivés dans une petite ville;
    ∎ the time has come to tell the truth le moment est venu de dire la vérité;
    ∎ to come to the end of sth arriver à la fin de qch;
    ∎ I was coming to the end of my stay mon séjour touchait à sa fin;
    ∎ there will come a point when… il viendra un moment où…;
    ∎ when you come to the last coat of paint… quand tu en seras à la dernière couche de peinture…;
    ∎ (reach) her hair comes (down) to her waist ses cheveux lui arrivent à la taille;
    ∎ the mud came (up) to our knees la boue nous arrivait ou venait (jusqu') aux genoux
    (d) (occupy specific place, position) venir, se trouver;
    ∎ the address comes above the date l'adresse se met au-dessus de la date;
    ∎ my birthday comes before yours mon anniversaire vient avant ou précède le tien;
    ∎ a colonel comes before a lieutenant un colonel a la préséance sur un lieutenant;
    ∎ Friday comes after Thursday vendredi vient après ou suit jeudi;
    ∎ that speech comes in Act 3/on page 10 on trouve ce discours dans l'acte 3/à la page 10;
    ∎ the fireworks come next le feu d'artifice est après;
    ∎ what comes after the performance? qu'est-ce qu'il y a après la représentation?
    (e) (occur, happen) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ when my turn comes, when it comes to my turn quand ce sera (à) mon tour, quand mon tour viendra;
    ∎ such an opportunity only comes once in your life une telle occasion ne se présente qu'une fois dans la vie;
    ∎ he has a birthday coming son anniversaire approche;
    ∎ there's a storm coming un orage se prépare;
    ∎ success was a long time coming la réussite s'est fait attendre;
    ∎ take life as it comes prenez la vie comme elle vient;
    ∎ Christmas comes but once a year il n'y a qu'un Noël par an;
    ∎ Bible it came to pass that… il advint que…;
    ∎ come what may advienne que pourra, quoi qu'il arrive ou advienne
    ∎ the idea just came to me one day l'idée m'est soudain venue un jour;
    ∎ suddenly it came to me (I remembered) tout d'un coup, je m'en suis souvenu; (I had an idea) tout d'un coup, j'ai eu une idée;
    ∎ I said the first thing that came into my head or that came to mind j'ai dit la première chose qui m'est venue à l'esprit;
    ∎ the answer came to her elle a trouvé la réponse
    ∎ writing comes naturally to her écrire lui est facile, elle est douée pour l'écriture;
    ∎ a house doesn't come cheap une maison coûte ou revient cher;
    ∎ the news came as a shock to her la nouvelle lui a fait un choc;
    ∎ her visit came as a surprise sa visite nous a beaucoup surpris;
    ∎ it comes as no surprise to learn he's gone (le fait) qu'il soit parti n'a rien de surprenant;
    ∎ he's as silly as they come il est sot comme pas un;
    ∎ they don't come any tougher than Big Al on ne fait pas plus fort que Big Al;
    ∎ it'll all come right in the end tout cela va finir par s'arranger;
    ∎ the harder they come the harder they fall plus dure sera la chute
    (h) (be available) exister;
    ∎ this table comes in two sizes cette table existe ou se fait en deux dimensions;
    ∎ the dictionary comes with a magnifying glass le dictionnaire est livré avec une loupe
    (i) (become) devenir;
    ∎ it was a dream come true c'était un rêve devenu réalité;
    ∎ to come unhooked se décrocher;
    ∎ to come unravelled se défaire;
    ∎ the buttons on my coat keep coming undone mon manteau se déboutonne toujours
    (j) (+ infinitive) (indicating gradual action) en venir à, finir par; (indicating chance) arriver;
    ∎ she came to trust him elle en est venue à ou elle a fini par lui faire confiance;
    ∎ we have come to expect this kind of thing nous nous attendons à ce genre de chose maintenant;
    ∎ how did you come to lose your umbrella? comment as-tu fait pour perdre ton parapluie?;
    ∎ how did the door come to be open? comment se fait-il que la porte soit ouverte?;
    ∎ (now that I) come to think of it maintenant que j'y songe, réflexion faite;
    ∎ it's not much money when you come to think of it ce n'est pas beaucoup d'argent quand vous y réfléchissez
    (k) (be owing, payable)
    ∎ I still have £5 coming (to me) on me doit encore 5 livres;
    ∎ there'll be money coming from her uncle's will elle va toucher l'argent du testament de son oncle;
    ∎ he got all the credit coming to him il a eu tous les honneurs qu'il méritait;
    ∎ familiar you'll get what's coming to you tu l'auras cherché ou voulu;
    ∎ familiar he had it coming (to him) il ne l'a pas volé
    ∎ a smile came to her lips un sourire parut sur ses lèvres ou lui vint aux lèvres
    ∎ how come? comment ça?;
    ∎ familiar come again? quoi?;
    ∎ American how's it coming? comment ça va?;
    ∎ come to that à propos, au fait;
    ∎ I haven't seen her in weeks, or her husband, come to that ça fait des semaines que je ne l'ai pas vue, son mari non plus d'ailleurs;
    ∎ if it comes to that, I'd rather stay home à ce moment-là ou à ce compte-là, je préfère rester à la maison;
    ∎ don't come the fine lady with me! ne fais pas la grande dame ou ne joue pas à la grande dame avec moi!;
    ∎ don't come the innocent! ne fais pas l'innocent!;
    ∎ British familiar you're coming it a bit strong! tu y vas un peu fort!;
    ∎ British familiar don't come it with me! (try to impress) n'essaie pas de m'en mettre plein la vue!; (lord it over) pas la peine d'être si hautain avec moi!;
    ∎ the days to come les prochains jours, les jours qui viennent;
    ∎ the battle to come la bataille qui va avoir lieu;
    ∎ Religion the life to come l'autre vie;
    ∎ in times to come à l'avenir;
    ∎ for some time to come pendant quelque temps;
    ∎ that will not be for some time to come ce ne sera pas avant quelque temps
    ∎ (by) come tomorrow/Tuesday you'll feel better vous vous sentirez mieux demain/mardi;
    ∎ I'll have been here two years come April ça fera deux ans en avril que je suis là;
    ∎ come the revolution you'll all be out of a job avec la révolution, vous vous retrouverez tous au chômage
    ∎ come, come!, come now! allons!, voyons!
    4 noun
    vulgar (semen) foutre m
    (a) (occur) arriver, se produire;
    ∎ it came about that… il arriva ou il advint que…;
    ∎ how could such a mistake come about? comment une telle erreur a-t-elle pu se produire?;
    ∎ the discovery of penicillin came about quite by accident la pénicilline a été découverte tout à fait par hasard
    (b) Nautical (wind) tourner, changer de direction; (ship) virer de bord
    (a) (walk, travel across → field, street) traverser;
    ∎ as we stood talking she came across to join us pendant que nous discutions, elle est venue se joindre à nous
    ∎ to come across well/badly (at interview) faire une bonne/mauvaise impression, bien/mal passer; (on TV) bien/mal passer;
    ∎ he never comes across as well on film as in the theatre il passe mieux au théâtre qu'à l'écran;
    ∎ he came across as a total idiot il donnait l'impression d'être complètement idiot
    ∎ the author's message comes across well le message de l'auteur passe bien;
    ∎ her disdain for his work came across le mépris qu'elle avait pour son travail transparaissait
    (d) familiar (do as promised) s'exécuter□, tenir parole□
    (person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (thing) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came across an interesting problem on a été confrontés à ou on est tombés sur un problème intéressant;
    ∎ she reads everything she comes across elle lit tout ce qui lui tombe sous la main
    familiar (give → information) donner□, fournir□ ; (→ help) offrir□ ; (→ money) raquer, se fendre de;
    ∎ he came across with the money he owed me il m'a filé le fric qu'il me devait;
    (pursue) poursuivre;
    ∎ he came after me with a stick il m'a poursuivi avec un bâton
    (a) (encouraging, urging)
    ∎ come along, drink your medicine! allez, prends ou bois ton médicament!;
    ∎ come along, we're late! dépêche-toi, nous sommes en retard!
    (b) (accompany) venir, accompagner;
    ∎ she asked me to come along (with them) elle m'a invité à aller avec eux ou à les accompagner
    (c) (occur, happen) arriver, se présenter;
    ∎ an opportunity like this doesn't come along often une telle occasion ne se présente pas souvent;
    ∎ don't accept the first job that comes along ne prenez pas le premier travail qui se présente;
    ∎ he married the first woman that came along il a épousé la première venue
    (d) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser;
    ∎ the patient is coming along well le patient se remet bien;
    ∎ the work isn't coming along as expected le travail n'avance pas comme prévu;
    ∎ how's your computer class coming along? comment va ton cours d'informatique?
    (object → come to pieces) se démonter; (→ break) se casser; (project, policy) échouer;
    ∎ to come apart at the seams (garment) se défaire aux coutures;
    ∎ the book came apart in my hands le livre est tombé en morceaux quand je l'ai pris;
    ∎ figurative under pressure he came apart sous la pression il a craqué
    (attack) attaquer, se jeter sur;
    ∎ he came at me with a knife il s'est jeté sur moi avec un couteau;
    ∎ figurative questions came at me from all sides j'ai été assailli de questions
    (a) (leave) partir, s'en aller;
    ∎ come away from that door! écartez-vous de cette porte!;
    ∎ I came away with the distinct impression that all was not well je suis reparti avec la forte impression que quelque chose n'allait pas;
    ∎ he asked her to come away with him (elope) il lui a demandé de s'enfuir avec lui; British (go on holiday) il lui a demandé de partir avec lui
    (b) (separate) partir, se détacher;
    ∎ the page came away in my hands la page m'est restée dans les mains
    (a) (return) revenir;
    ∎ he came back with me il est revenu avec moi;
    ∎ to come back home rentrer (à la maison);
    ∎ figurative the colour came back to her cheeks elle reprit des couleurs;
    ∎ we'll come back to that question later nous reviendrons à cette question plus tard;
    ∎ to come back to what we were saying pour en revenir à ce que nous disions
    ∎ it's all coming back to me tout cela me revient (à l'esprit ou à la mémoire);
    ∎ her name will come back to me later son nom me reviendra plus tard
    (c) (reply) répondre; American (retort) rétorquer, répliquer;
    ∎ they came back with an argument in favour of the project ils ont répondu par un argument en faveur du projet
    (d) (recover) remonter;
    ∎ he came back strongly in the second set il a bien remonté au deuxième set;
    ∎ they came back from 3-0 down ils ont remonté de 3 à 0
    (e) (become fashionable again) revenir à la mode; (make comeback) faire un come-back
    Law (of person) comparaître devant; (of case) être entendu par
    brouiller, éloigner;
    ∎ he came between her and her friend il l'a brouillée avec son amie, il l'a éloignée de son amie;
    ∎ we mustn't let a small disagreement come between us nous n'allons pas nous disputer à cause d'un petit malentendu
    ➲ come by
    (stop by) passer, venir
    (acquire → work, money) obtenir, se procurer; (→ idea) se faire;
    ∎ jobs are hard to come by il est difficile de trouver du travail;
    ∎ how did you come by this camera/those bruises? comment as-tu fait pour avoir cet appareil-photo/ces bleus?;
    ∎ how did she come by all that money? comment s'est-elle procuré tout cet argent?;
    ∎ how on earth did he come by that idea? où est-il allé chercher cette idée?
    (descend → ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ mountain) descendre, faire la descente de
    (a) (descend → from ladder, stairs) descendre; (→ from mountain etc) descendre, faire la descente; (plane → crash) s'écraser; (→ land) atterrir;
    ∎ to come down to breakfast descendre déjeuner ou prendre le petit déjeuner;
    ∎ come down from that tree! descends de cet arbre!;
    ∎ they came down to Paris ils sont descendus à Paris;
    ∎ hem-lines are coming down this year les jupes rallongent cette année;
    ∎ he's come down in the world il a déchu;
    ∎ you'd better come down to earth tu ferais bien de revenir sur terre ou de descendre des nues
    (b) (fall) tomber;
    ∎ rain was coming down in sheets il pleuvait des cordes;
    ∎ the ceiling came down le plafond s'est effondré
    (c) (reach) descendre;
    ∎ the dress comes down to my ankles la robe descend jusqu'à mes chevilles;
    ∎ her hair came down to her waist les cheveux lui tombaient ou descendaient jusqu'à la taille
    (d) (decrease) baisser;
    ∎ he's ready to come down 10 percent on the price il est prêt à rabattre ou baisser le prix de 10 pour cent
    (e) (be passed down) être transmis (de père en fils);
    ∎ this custom comes down from the Romans cette coutume nous vient des Romains;
    ∎ the necklace came down to her from her great-aunt elle tient ce collier de sa grand-tante
    (f) (reach a decision) se prononcer;
    ∎ the majority came down in favour of/against abortion la majorité s'est prononcée en faveur de/contre l'avortement;
    ∎ to come down on sb's side décider en faveur de qn
    (g) (be removed) être défait ou décroché;
    ∎ that wallpaper will have to come down il va falloir enlever ce papier peint;
    ∎ the Christmas decorations are coming down today aujourd'hui, on enlève les décorations de Noël;
    ∎ the tree will have to come down (be felled) il faut abattre cet arbre;
    ∎ these houses are coming down soon on va bientôt démolir ces maisons
    (h) British University obtenir son diplôme
    (i) familiar drugs slang redescendre
    (a) (rebuke) s'en prendre à;
    ∎ the boss came down hard on him le patron lui a passé un de ces savons;
    ∎ one mistake and he'll come down on you like a ton of bricks si tu fais la moindre erreur, il te tombera sur le dos
    ∎ they came down on me to sell the land ils ont essayé de me faire vendre le terrain□
    (amount) se réduire à, se résumer à;
    ∎ it all comes down to what you want to do tout cela dépend de ce que vous souhaitez faire;
    ∎ it all comes down to the same thing tout cela revient au même;
    ∎ that's what his argument comes down to voici à quoi se réduit son raisonnement
    (become ill) attraper;
    ∎ he came down with a cold il s'est enrhumé, il a attrapé un rhume
    (present oneself) se présenter;
    ∎ more women are coming forward as candidates davantage de femmes présentent leur candidature;
    ∎ the police have appealed for witnesses to come forward la police a demandé aux témoins de se faire connaître
    ∎ the townspeople came forward with supplies les habitants de la ville ont offert des provisions;
    ∎ he came forward with a new proposal il a fait une nouvelle proposition;
    ∎ Law to come forward with evidence présenter des preuves
    venir;
    ∎ she comes from China elle vient ou elle est originaire de Chine;
    ∎ to come from a good family être issu ou venir d'une bonne famille;
    ∎ this word comes from Latin ce mot vient du latin;
    ∎ this wine comes from the south of France ce vin vient du sud de la France;
    ∎ this passage comes from one of his novels ce passage est extrait ou provient d'un de ses romans;
    ∎ that's surprising coming from him c'est étonnant de sa part;
    ∎ a sob came from his throat un sanglot s'est échappé de sa gorge;
    ∎ familiar I'm not sure where he's coming from je ne sais pas très bien ce qui le motive□
    (a) (enter) entrer; (come inside) rentrer;
    ∎ come in! entrez!;
    ∎ they came in through the window ils sont entrés par la fenêtre;
    ∎ come in now, children, it's getting dark rentrez maintenant, les enfants, il commence à faire nuit;
    ∎ British familiar Mrs Brown comes in twice a week (to clean) Madame Brown vient (faire le ménage) deux fois par semaine
    (b) (plane, train) arriver
    ∎ she came in second elle est arrivée deuxième
    (d) (be received → money, contributions) rentrer;
    ∎ there isn't enough money coming in to cover expenditure l'argent qui rentre ne suffit pas à couvrir les dépenses;
    ∎ how much do you have coming in every week? combien touchez-vous ou encaissez-vous chaque semaine?
    (e) Press (news, report) être reçu;
    ∎ news is just coming in of a riot in Red Square on nous annonce à l'instant des émeutes sur la place Rouge
    ∎ come in car number 1, over j'appelle voiture 1, à vous;
    ∎ come in Barry Stewart from New York à vous, Barry Stewart à New York
    (g) (become seasonable) être de saison; (become fashionable) entrer en vogue;
    ∎ when do endives come in? quand commence la saison des endives?;
    ∎ leather has come in le cuir est à la mode ou en vogue
    ∎ to come in handy or useful (tool, gadget) être utile ou commode; (contribution) arriver à point;
    ∎ these gloves come in handy or useful for driving ces gants sont bien commodes ou utiles pour conduire
    (i) (be involved) être impliqué; (participate) participer, intervenir;
    ∎ where do I come in? quel est mon rôle là-dedans?;
    ∎ this is where the law comes in c'est là que la loi intervient;
    ∎ he should come in on the deal il devrait participer à l'opération;
    ∎ I'd like to come in on this (conversation) j'aimerais dire quelques mots là-dessus ou à ce sujet
    (j) (tide) monter
    (be object of → abuse, reproach) subir;
    ∎ to come in for criticism être critiqué, être l'objet de critiques;
    ∎ the government came in for a lot of criticism over its handling of the crisis le gouvernement a été très critiqué pour la façon dont il gère la crise;
    ∎ to come in for praise être félicité
    (be given a part in) prendre part à;
    ∎ they let him come in on the deal ils l'ont laissé prendre part à l'affaire
    (a) (inherit) hériter de; (acquire) entrer en possession de;
    ∎ to come into some money (inherit it) faire un héritage; (win it) gagner le gros lot;
    ∎ they came into a fortune (won) ils ont gagné une fortune; (inherited) ils ont hérité d'une fortune
    (b) (play a role in) jouer un rôle;
    ∎ it's not simply a matter of pride, though pride does come into it ce n'est pas une simple question de fierté, bien que la fierté joue un certain rôle;
    ∎ money doesn't come into it! l'argent n'a rien à voir là-dedans!
    résulter de;
    ∎ what will come of it? qu'en adviendra-t-il?, qu'en résultera-t-il?;
    ∎ no good will come from or of it ça ne mènera à rien de bon, il n'en résultera rien de bon;
    ∎ let me know what comes of the meeting faites-moi savoir ce qui ressortira de la réunion;
    ∎ that's what comes from listening to you! voilà ce qui arrive quand on vous écoute!
    (a) (fall off → of rider) tomber de; (→ of button) se détacher de, se découdre de; (→ of handle, label) se détacher de; (of tape, wallpaper) se détacher de, se décoller de; (be removed → of stain, mark) partir de, s'enlever de
    (b) (stop taking → drug, medicine) arrêter de prendre; (→ drink) arrêter de boire;
    ∎ to come off the pill arrêter (de prendre) la pilule
    (c) (climb down from, leave → wall, ladder etc) descendre de;
    ∎ to come off a ship/plane débarquer d'un navire/d'un avion;
    ∎ I've just come off the night shift (finished work) je viens de quitter l'équipe de nuit; (finished working nights) je viens de finir le travail de nuit
    (d) Football (field) sortir de
    ∎ oh, come off it! allez, arrête ton char!
    (a) (rider) tomber; (button) se détacher, se découdre; (handle, label) se détacher; (stain, mark) partir, s'enlever; (tape, wallpaper) se détacher, se décoller;
    ∎ the handle came off in his hand la poignée lui est restée dans la main
    (c) (fare, manage) s'en sortir, se tirer de;
    ∎ you came off well in the competition tu t'en es bien tiré au concours;
    ∎ to come off best gagner
    (d) familiar (happen) avoir lieu□, se passer□ ; (be carried through) se réaliser□ ; (succeed) réussir□ ;
    ∎ did the game come off all right? le match s'est bien passé?;
    ∎ my trip to China didn't come off mon voyage en Chine n'a pas eu lieu;
    ∎ his plan didn't come off son projet est tombé à l'eau
    (e) Cinema & Theatre (film, play) fermer
    (a) (follow) suivre;
    ∎ I'll come on after (you) je vous suivrai
    (b) (in imperative) come on! (with motion, encouraging, challenging) vas-y!, allez!; (hurry) allez!; familiar (expressing incredulity) tu rigoles!;
    ∎ come on Scotland! allez l'Écosse!;
    ∎ come on in/up! entre/monte donc!;
    ∎ oh, come on, for goodness sake! allez, arrête!
    (c) (progress) avancer, faire des progrès; (grow) pousser, venir bien;
    ∎ how is your work coming on? où en est votre travail?;
    ∎ my roses are coming on nicely mes rosiers se portent bien;
    ∎ her new book is coming on quite well son nouveau livre avance bien;
    ∎ he's coming on in physics il fait des progrès en physique
    (d) (begin → illness) se déclarer; (→ storm) survenir, éclater; (→ season) arriver;
    ∎ as night came on quand la nuit a commençé à tomber;
    ∎ it's coming on to rain il va pleuvoir;
    ∎ I feel a headache/cold coming on je sens un mal de tête qui commence/que je m'enrhume
    (e) (start functioning → electricity, gas, heater, lights, radio) s'allumer; (→ motor) se mettre en marche; (→ utilities at main) être mis en service;
    ∎ has the water come on? y a-t-il de l'eau?
    (f) (behave, act)
    ∎ don't come on all macho with me! ne joue pas les machos avec moi!;
    ∎ familiar you came on a bit strong tu y es allé un peu fort
    (g) Theatre (actor) entrer en scène; (play) être joué ou représenté;
    ∎ his new play is coming on on va donner sa nouvelle pièce
    (a) (proceed to consider) aborder, passer à;
    ∎ I want to come on to the issue of epidemics je veux passer à la question des épidémies
    ∎ she was coming on to me in a big way elle me draguait à fond
    (a) (exit, go out socially) sortir;
    ∎ as we came out of the theatre au moment où nous sommes sortis du théâtre;
    ∎ would you like to come out with me tonight? est-ce que tu veux sortir avec moi ce soir?;
    ∎ figurative if he'd only come out of himself or out of his shell si seulement il sortait de sa coquille
    (b) (make appearance → stars, sun) paraître, se montrer; (→ flowers) sortir, éclore; figurative (→ book) paraître, être publié; (→ film) paraître, sortir; (→ new product) sortir;
    ∎ to come out in a rash (person) se couvrir de boutons, avoir une éruption;
    ∎ his nasty side came out sa méchanceté s'est manifestée;
    ∎ I didn't mean it the way it came out ce n'est pas ce que je voulais dire
    (c) (be revealed → news, secret) être divulgué ou révélé; (→ facts, truth) émerger, se faire jour;
    ∎ as soon as the news came out dès qu'on a su la nouvelle, dès que la nouvelle a été annoncée
    (d) (be removed → stain) s'enlever, partir; (colour → fade) passer, se faner; (→ run) déteindre;
    ∎ when do your stitches come out? quand est-ce qu'on t'enlève tes fils?
    ∎ to come out strongly (for/against) se prononcer avec vigueur (pour/contre);
    ∎ the governor came out against/for abortion le gouverneur s'est prononcé (ouvertement) contre/pour l'avortement;
    ∎ familiar to come out (of the closet) (homosexual) révéler (publiquement) son homosexualité□, faire son come-out
    (f) British (on strike) se mettre en ou faire grève
    (g) (emerge, finish up) se tirer d'affaire, s'en sortir; (in competition) se classer;
    ∎ the government came out of the deal badly le gouvernement s'est mal sorti de l'affaire;
    ∎ everything will come out fine tout va s'arranger;
    ∎ I came out top in maths j'étais premier en maths;
    ∎ to come out on top gagner
    (h) (go into society) faire ses débuts ou débuter dans le monde
    ∎ this sum won't come out je n'arrive pas à résoudre cette opération
    ∎ the pictures came out well/badly les photos étaient très bonnes/n'ont rien donné;
    ∎ the house didn't come out well la maison n'est pas très bien sur les photos
    (k) Computing (exit) sortir;
    ∎ to come out of a document sortir d'un document
    (amount to) s'élever à
    ∎ to come out in spots or a rash avoir une éruption de boutons
    (say) dire, sortir;
    ∎ what will he come out with next? qu'est-ce qu'il va nous sortir encore?;
    ∎ he finally came out with it il a fini par le sortir
    (a) (move, travel in direction of speaker) venir;
    ∎ at the party she came over to talk to me pendant la soirée, elle est venue me parler;
    ∎ do you want to come over this evening? tu veux venir à la maison ce soir?;
    ∎ his family came over with the early settlers sa famille est arrivée ou venue avec les premiers pionniers;
    ∎ I met him in the plane coming over je l'ai rencontré dans l'avion en venant
    (b) (stop by) venir, passer
    ∎ they came over to our side ils sont passés de notre côté;
    ∎ he finally came over to their way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à leur avis
    ∎ her speech came over well son discours a fait bon effet ou bonne impression;
    ∎ he came over as honest il a donné l'impression d'être honnête;
    ∎ he doesn't come over well on television il ne passe pas bien à la télévision;
    ∎ her voice comes over well sa voix passe ou rend bien
    (e) familiar (feel) devenir□ ;
    ∎ he came over all funny (felt ill) il s'est senti mal tout d'un coup, il a eu un malaise; (behaved oddly) il est devenu tout bizarre;
    ∎ to come over dizzy être pris de vertige;
    ∎ to come over faint être pris d'une faiblesse
    affecter, envahir;
    ∎ a change came over him un changement se produisit en lui;
    ∎ a feeling of fear came over him il a été saisi de peur, la peur s'est emparée de lui;
    ∎ what has come over him? qu'est-ce qui lui prend?
    (a) (make a detour) faire le détour;
    ∎ we came round by the factory nous sommes passés par ou nous avons fait le détour par l'usine
    (b) (stop by) passer, venir
    (c) (occur → regular event)
    ∎ don't wait for Christmas to come round n'attendez pas Noël;
    ∎ when the championships/elections come round au moment des championnats/élections;
    ∎ the summer holidays will soon be coming round again bientôt, ce sera de nouveau les grandes vacances
    (d) (change mind) changer d'avis;
    ∎ he finally came round to our way of thinking il a fini par se ranger à notre avis;
    ∎ they soon came round to the idea ils se sont faits à cette idée;
    ∎ (change to better mood) don't worry, she'll soon come round ne t'en fais pas, elle sera bientôt de meilleure humeur
    (e) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi; (get better) se remettre, se rétablir;
    ∎ she's coming round after a bout of pneumonia elle se remet d'une pneumonie
    (f) Nautical venir au vent
    ∎ his sense of conviction came through on voyait qu'il était convaincu;
    ∎ her enthusiasm comes through in her letters son enthousiasme se lit dans ses lettres;
    ∎ your call is coming through je vous passe votre communication;
    ∎ you're coming through loud and clear je vous reçois cinq sur cinq;
    ∎ figurative his message came through loud and clear son message a été reçu cinq sur cinq
    (b) (be granted, approved) se réaliser;
    ∎ did your visa come through? avez-vous obtenu votre visa?;
    ∎ my request for a transfer came through ma demande de mutation a été acceptée
    (c) (survive) survivre, s'en tirer
    ∎ he came through for us il a fait ce qu'on attendait de lui□ ;
    ∎ did he come through on his promise? a-t-il tenu parole?□ ;
    ∎ they came through with the documents ils ont fourni les documents□ ;
    ∎ he came through with the money il a rendu l'argent comme prévu□
    (a) (cross) traverser; figurative (penetrate) traverser;
    ∎ we came through marshland nous sommes passés par ou avons traversé des marais;
    ∎ the rain came through my coat la pluie a traversé mon manteau;
    ∎ water is coming through the roof l'eau s'infiltre par le toit
    ∎ they came through the accident without a scratch ils sont sortis de l'accident indemnes;
    ∎ I'm sure you will come through this crisis je suis sûr que tu te sortiras de cette crise;
    ∎ she came through the exam with flying colours elle a réussi l'examen avec brio
    ➲ come to
    (a) (recover consciousness) reprendre connaissance, revenir à soi
    (b) Nautical (change course) venir au vent, lofer; (stop) s'arrêter
    ∎ when it comes to physics, she's a genius pour ce qui est de la physique, c'est un génie;
    ∎ when it comes to paying you can't see anyone for dust quand il faut payer, il n'y a plus personne
    (b) (amount to) s'élever à, se monter à;
    ∎ how much did dinner come to? à combien s'élevait le dîner?;
    ∎ her salary comes to £750 a month elle gagne 750 livres par mois;
    ∎ the plan never came to anything le projet n'a abouti à rien;
    ∎ that nephew of yours will never come to anything ton neveu n'arrivera jamais à rien
    (c) figurative (arrive at, reach)
    ∎ now we come to questions of health nous en venons maintenant aux questions de santé;
    ∎ he got what was coming to him il n'a eu que ce qu'il méritait;
    ∎ to come to a conclusion arriver à une conclusion;
    ∎ to come to power accéder au pouvoir;
    ∎ what is the world or what are things coming to? où va-t-on ?;
    ∎ what are things coming to when there aren't even enough hospital beds available? où va-t-on s'il n'y a pas assez de lits dans les hôpitaux?;
    ∎ I never thought it would come to this je ne me doutais pas qu'on en arriverait là;
    ∎ let's hope it won't come to that espérons que nous n'en arrivions pas là
    (a) (assemble) se réunir, se rassembler; (meet) se rencontrer;
    ∎ the two roads come together at this point les deux routes se rejoignent à cet endroit
    ∎ everything came together at the final performance tout s'est passé à merveille pour la dernière représentation□
    (a) (be subjected to → authority, control) dépendre de; (→ influence) tomber sous, être soumis à;
    ∎ the government is coming under pressure to lower taxes le gouvernement subit des pressions visant à réduire les impôts
    (b) (be classified under) être classé sous;
    ∎ that subject comes under "current events" ce sujet est classé ou se trouve sous la rubrique "actualités"
    (a) (move upwards) monter; (moon, sun) se lever
    ∎ I come up to town every Monday je viens en ville tous les lundis;
    ∎ they came up to Chicago ils sont venus à Chicago;
    ∎ to come up for air (diver) remonter à la surface; figurative (take break) faire une pause;
    ∎ she came up the hard way elle a réussi à la force du poignet;
    ∎ Military an officer who came up through the ranks un officier sorti du rang
    (c) (approach) s'approcher;
    ∎ to come up to sb s'approcher de qn, aborder qn;
    ∎ the students came up to him with their questions les étudiants sont venus le voir avec leurs questions;
    ∎ it's coming up to five o'clock il est presque cinq heures;
    ∎ coming up now on Channel 4, the seven o'clock news et maintenant, sur Channel 4, le journal de sept heures;
    ∎ familiar one coffee, coming up! et un café, un!
    (d) (plant) sortir, germer;
    ∎ my beans are coming up nicely mes haricots poussent bien
    (e) (come under consideration → matter) être soulevé, être mis sur le tapis; (→ question, problem) se poser, être soulevé; Law (→ accused) comparaître; (→ case) être entendu;
    ∎ that problem has never come up ce problème ne s'est jamais posé;
    ∎ the question of financing always comes up la question du financement se pose toujours;
    ∎ the subject came up twice in the conversation le sujet est revenu deux fois dans la conversation;
    ∎ your name came up twice on a mentionné votre nom deux fois;
    ∎ she comes up for re-election this year son mandat prend fin cette année;
    ∎ my contract is coming up for review mon contrat doit être révisé;
    ∎ to come up before the judge or the court (accused) comparaître devant le juge; (case) être entendu par la cour;
    ∎ her case comes up next Wednesday elle passe au tribunal mercredi prochain
    (f) (happen unexpectedly → event) survenir, surgir; (→ opportunity) se présenter;
    ∎ to deal with problems as they come up traiter les problèmes au fur et à mesure;
    ∎ she's ready for anything that might come up elle est prête à faire face à toute éventualité;
    ∎ I can't make it, something has come up je ne peux pas venir, j'ai un empêchement;
    ∎ I'll let you know if anything comes up (if I find further information) s'il y a du nouveau, je vous tiendrai au courant; (anything that is suitable) je vous tiendrai au courant si je vois quelque chose qui vous convienne
    (g) (intensify → wind) se lever; (→ light) s'allumer; (→ sound) s'intensifier;
    ∎ when the lights came up at the interval lorsque les lumières se rallumèrent à l'entracte
    ∎ everything she eats comes up (again) elle vomit ou rejette tout ce qu'elle mange
    (i) (colour, wood etc)
    ∎ the colour comes up well when it's cleaned la couleur revient bien au nettoyage
    (j) familiar (win) gagner□ ;
    ∎ did their number come up? (in lottery) ont-ils gagné au loto?; figurative est-ce qu'ils ont touché le gros lot?
    (be confronted with) rencontrer;
    ∎ they came up against some tough competition ils se sont heurtés à des concurrents redoutables
    (find unexpectedly → person) rencontrer par hasard, tomber sur; (→ object) trouver par hasard, tomber sur;
    ∎ we came upon the couple just as they were kissing nous avons surpris le couple en train de s'embrasser
    (a) (reach) arriver à;
    ∎ the mud came up to their knees la boue leur montait ou arrivait jusqu'aux genoux;
    ∎ she comes up to his shoulder elle lui arrive à l'épaule;
    ∎ we're coming up to the halfway mark nous atteindrons bientôt la moitié
    ∎ his last book doesn't come up to the others son dernier livre ne vaut pas les autres;
    ∎ to come up to sb's expectations répondre à l'attente de qn;
    ∎ the play didn't come up to our expectations la pièce nous a déçus
    (offer, propose → money, loan) fournir; (think of → plan, suggestion) suggérer, proposer; (→ answer) trouver; (→ excuse) trouver, inventer;
    ∎ they came up with a wonderful idea ils ont eu une idée géniale;
    ∎ what will she come up with next? qu'est-ce qu'elle va encore inventer?
    ⓘ Come on down! Il s'agit de la formule consacrée du jeu télévisé The Price is Right (dont l'équivalent français est Le Juste prix) qui débuta en 1957 aux États-Unis, et dans les années 80 en Grande-Bretagne. L'animateur de l'émission prononçait ces paroles ("Descendez!") pour inviter les membres du public sélectionnés pour participer au jeu à venir le rejoindre sur la scène. Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule plaisamment pour dire à quelqu'un d'approcher ou bien pour indiquer à quelqu'un qui doit prononcer un discours ou se produire sur scène qu'il est temps de prendre place.
    ⓘ Come up and see me sometime... Cette formule fut utilisée pour la première fois par Mae West dans le film de 1933 She Done Him Wrong (dont le titre français est Lady Lou); la citation exacte était en fait Why don't you come up sometime, see me? ("Pourquoi est-ce que tu ne monterais pas un de ces jours, pour me voir?"). Il s'agit de l'archétype de l'invitation au badinage. Encore aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en imitant l'air canaille de Mae West.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > come

  • 15 will

    ̈ɪwɪl I
    1. сущ.
    1) воля;
    сила воли indomitable will inflexible will iron will strong will will to live
    2) воля;
    желание to implement the will of the majority ≈ осуществлять желание большинства to impose one's will (on) ≈ навязывать свое мнение кому-л. to show good will ≈ продемонстрировать благосклонность по отношению к кому-л. against smb.s will ≈ против чьей-л. воли to work with the will to succeed ≈ работать с желанием добиться успеха at will
    3) энергия, энтузиазм Syn: enthusiasm
    4) завещание to break a will, to overturn a will ≈ нарушить условия завещания to challenge a will, to contest a will ≈ оспаривать завещание to change a will ≈ изменить завещание to draw up, make, make out a will ≈ составить завещание to execute a will ≈ выполнять завещание to probate a will, to validate a will ≈ утверждать/заверять завещание deathbed will ≈ предсмертная воля ∙ a clash of strong wills ≈ битва титанов
    2. гл.
    1) проявлять волю;
    желать, хотеть
    2) велеть, внушать, заставлять Syn: order, tell
    3) завещать, отказывать, отписывать He willed his entire estate to her. ≈ он завещал ей все свое состояние Syn: bequeath, leave II гл.
    1) вспомогательный глагол;
    служит для образования будущего времени во 2 и 3 л. ед. и мн. ч.
    2) выражает привычное действие или состояние The door will not open. ≈ Дверь никак не открывается.
    3) выражает намерение, обещание Iwill do it. ≈ Я сделаю это
    4) выражает предположение, вероятность This will our bus. ≈ Это наверное наш автобус.
    5) выражает просьбу, приказание will you tell me the time? ≈Не подскажете ли, который час?
    6) выражает возможность, способность The seat will hold two children. ≈ На сидении могут поместиться два ребенка.
    7) выражает неизбежность Accidents will happen. ≈ Всегда бывают несчастные случаи.
    8) выражает решимость I will read it. ≈ Я обязательно прочитаю это. воля;
    сила воли - strong * сильная воля - lack of * безволие - a * of one's own своеволие, своеправие;
    упрямство - by force of * силой воли желание, воля - God's * воля божия - the * be done (библеизм) да будет воля твоя - * to live воля к жизни - * to win /to victory/ воля к победе - at * по усмотрению, по желанию - tenant at * арендатор, который может быть выселен в любое время /без предупреждения/ - he may come and go at * он может приходить и уходить, когда захочет - at one's own sweet * когда вздумается /заблагорассудится/ - to do smth. of one's own free * сделать что-л. по собственному желанию - against one's * против чьей-л. воли - to work /to have/ one's * делать по-своему - to work one's * upon smb. навязать кому-л. свою волю - to be at smb.'s * быть в чьем-л. распоряжении /в чьих-л. руках/ - with the best * (in the world) как бы нам этого ни хотелось - such is our * and pleasure (возвышенно) такова наша воля и приказание (устаревшее) просьба;
    приказ энергия, энтузиазм;
    интерес - they set to work with a * они горячо принялись за дело завещание, последняя воля (тж. (юридическое) last * and testament) - to make /to draw up/ a * составить завещание > at *! (военное) одиночный огонь! (команда) > to take the * for the deed быть благодарным за одно только желание помочь;
    довольствоваться чьими-л. обещаниями /посулами/ > where there's a *, there's a way (пословица) где хотение, там и умение( книжное) (возвышенно) проявлять волю, желание;
    хотеть, желать - whatever he *s he may accomplish что бы он ни задумал, он все может сделать - he who *s success is half-way to it воля к победе - залог успеха - God has *ed it so на то была воля божья - fate *ed it that he should die young ему было на роду написано умереть молодым заставлять;
    внушать - to * oneself to fall asleep заставить себя заснуть - to * smb. to do /into doing/ smth. заставить кого-л. сделать что-л. завещать - to * one's money to charities завещать деньги благотворительным учреждениям - to * away from smb. лишать законного наследника наследства выражает желание, стремление, намерение, склонность: - I * do it я (охотно) сделаю это - I * not /won't/ do it я не намерен /не хочу, не желаю/ этого делать - we * not put up with your refusal this time на этот раз мы ваш отказ не примем - he can find no one who * take the job ему не удается найти человека, который взялся бы за это дело - come whenever you * приходите, когда хотите /пожелаете/ - call it what you * назовите это как хотите - do as you * делай как знаешь - they have to obey, whether they * or not им приходится повиноваться, хотят они этого или нет выражает решимость: - I can and I * learn it я могу выучить это и обязательно /непременно/ выучу - I have made up my mind to go and go I * я решил пойти, и ничто меня не остановит - I * be obeyed я заставлю делать по-моему выражает просьбу, приглашение или предложение( в вежливой форме): - * you have a cup of tea? не хотите ли чашку чая? - * you tell me the time? скажите, пожалуйста, который час? - won't you sit down? садитесь, пожалуйста - * you come in? входите, пожалуйста выражает распоряжение или приказание: - * you remember that you have to be here at three не забудь, что в три ты должен быть здесь - just wait a moment, * you? подождите минуточку, пожалуйста - you * do what I say at once ты сейчас же сделаешь, что тебе велят - * you post the letter without delay? (пожалуйста) отправьте письмо без задержки - you * report to the colonel доложите полковнику - shut the door, * you? закрой дверь, (пожалуйста) выражает возможность, способность: - the back seat * hold three passengers на заднем сиденье поместятся /могут сидеть/ три человека - three metres of cloth * make a skirt and jacket из трех метров ткани выйдет юбка и жакет выражает предположение: - this'll be our train это, наверно, наш поезд - this * be your cousin это, по-видимому, ваш двоюродный брат - you * remember... как вы помните... - you * have read that article вы, наверное, читали эту статью выражает неизбежность: - accident * happen несчастный случай может произойти с каждым - what * be, * be чему быть, того не миновать - truth * out истины не утаишь - boys * be boys мальчики всегда остаются мальчиками, мальчики есть мальчики выражает часто повторяющееся действие или привычное состояние: - there he'll /he */ sit hour after hour он сидит /просиживает/ там часами - he * have his little joke, the doctor( эмоционально-усилительно) и любит же он пошутить, этот доктор! - the drawer * not open ящик стола никак не открывается - the engine won't start мотор не заводится вспомогательный глагол, служит для образования формы будущего времени во 2 и 3 л.: - I shall tell you everything and you * give me your opinion я вам все расскажу, а вы мне выскажете свое мнение - when * it be ready? когда это будет готово? > if you * с вашего позволения > come what * будь что будет > I'll be hanged if... провалиться мне на этом месте, если... (диалектизм) блуждающий огонек( диалектизм) заблудившийся, сбившийся с пути( диалектизм) растерянный, запутавшийся ~ воля, твердое намерение;
    желание;
    against one's will против воли;
    at will по желанию, как угодно;
    what is your will? каково ваше желание? annul a ~ аннулировать завещание ~ воля, твердое намерение;
    желание;
    against one's will против воли;
    at will по желанию, как угодно;
    what is your will? каково ваше желание? beneficiary under ~ наследник по завещанию boys ~ be boys мальчики - всегда мальчики;
    accidents will happen всегда бывают несчастные случаи contest a ~ оспаривать завещание draw up a ~ составлять завещание drawing up of ~ оформление завещания drawing up of ~ составление завещания emergency ~ завещание на случай чрезвычайных обстоятельств executor under ~ судебный исполнитель по завещаниям fictitious ~ фиктивное завещание forged ~ поддельное завещание free ~ свобода воли;
    of one's own free will добровольно free ~ свобода воли gift under ~ дар по завещанию to have one's ~ добиться своего;
    a will of one's own своеволие;
    of one's own free will добровольно, по собственному желанию ~ (willed) проявлять волю;
    хотеть, желать;
    let him do what he will пусть он делает, что хочет;
    he who wills success is half-way to it воля к успеху есть залог успеха will (would) вспомогательный глагол;
    служит для образования будущего времени во 2 и 3 л. ед. и мн. ч.: he will come at two o'clock он придет в два часа he ~ smoke his pipe after dinner после обеда он обыкновенно курит трубку holographic ~ собственноручно написанное завещание holographic ~ юр. собственноручно написанное завещание ~ модальный глагол выражает намерение, решимость, обещание (особ. в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.): I will let you know я непременно извещу вас joint ~ совместное завещание last ~ завещание ~ (willed) проявлять волю;
    хотеть, желать;
    let him do what he will пусть он делает, что хочет;
    he who wills success is half-way to it воля к успеху есть залог успеха make a ~ составлять завещание ~ завещание;
    to make (или to draw up) one's will сделать завещание;
    one's last will and testament последняя воля (юридическая формула в завещании) mutual ~ совместное завещание nuncupative ~ устное завещание free ~ свобода воли;
    of one's own free will добровольно to have one's ~ добиться своего;
    a will of one's own своеволие;
    of one's own free will добровольно, по собственному желанию ~ завещание;
    to make (или to draw up) one's will сделать завещание;
    one's last will and testament последняя воля (юридическая формула в завещании) partnership at ~ партнерство по желанию popular ~ народная воля propound a ~ представлять завещание на утверждение prove a ~ утверждать завещание sincere ~ подлинное завещание where there is a ~ there is a way = где хотение, там и умение;
    было бы желание, а возможность найдется;
    to take the will for the deed довольствоваться обещаниями tenancy at ~ бессрочная аренда terminable at ~ of прекращаемый по усмотрению upset a ~ опротестовывать завещание ~ воля, твердое намерение;
    желание;
    against one's will против воли;
    at will по желанию, как угодно;
    what is your will? каково ваше желание? where there is a ~ there is a way = где хотение, там и умение;
    было бы желание, а возможность найдется;
    to take the will for the deed довольствоваться обещаниями will (would) вспомогательный глагол;
    служит для образования будущего времени во 2 и 3 л. ед. и мн. ч.: he will come at two o'clock он придет в два часа ~ в сочетании с другими глаголами выражает привычное действие;
    часто не переводится ~ воля, твердое намерение;
    желание;
    against one's will против воли;
    at will по желанию, как угодно;
    what is your will? каково ваше желание? ~ воля;
    сила воли;
    the will to live воля к жизни;
    will can conquer habit дурную привычку можно преодолеть силой воли ~ воля ~ завещание;
    to make (или to draw up) one's will сделать завещание;
    one's last will and testament последняя воля (юридическая формула в завещании) ~ завещание ~ завещать ~ заставлять, велеть, внушать;
    to will oneself to fall asleep заставить себя заснуть ~ модальный глагол выражает намерение, решимость, обещание (особ. в 1 л. ед. и мн. ч.): I will let you know я непременно извещу вас ~ модальный глагол выражает предположение, вероятность: you will be Mrs. Smith? вы, вероятно, миссис Смит? ~ (willed) проявлять волю;
    хотеть, желать;
    let him do what he will пусть он делает, что хочет;
    he who wills success is half-way to it воля к успеху есть залог успеха ~ энергия, энтузиазм;
    to work with a will работать с энтузиазмом wilt: wilt уст. 2- е л. ед. ч. настоящего времени гл. will ~ воля;
    сила воли;
    the will to live воля к жизни;
    will can conquer habit дурную привычку можно преодолеть силой воли to have one's ~ добиться своего;
    a will of one's own своеволие;
    of one's own free will добровольно, по собственному желанию ~ заставлять, велеть, внушать;
    to will oneself to fall asleep заставить себя заснуть ~ воля;
    сила воли;
    the will to live воля к жизни;
    will can conquer habit дурную привычку можно преодолеть силой воли ~ энергия, энтузиазм;
    to work with a will работать с энтузиазмом ~ модальный глагол выражает предположение, вероятность: you will be Mrs. Smith? вы, вероятно, миссис Смит?

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > will

  • 16 step

    step
    1. noun
    1) (one movement of the foot in walking, running, dancing etc: He took a step forward; walking with hurried steps.)
    2) (the distance covered by this: He moved a step or two nearer; The restaurant is only a step (= a short distance) away.)
    3) (the sound made by someone walking etc: I heard (foot) steps.)
    4) (a particular movement with the feet, eg in dancing: The dance has some complicated steps.)
    5) (a flat surface, or one flat surface in a series, eg on a stair or stepladder, on which to place the feet or foot in moving up or down: A flight of steps led down to the cellar; Mind the step!; She was sitting on the doorstep.)
    6) (a stage in progress, development etc: Mankind made a big step forward with the invention of the wheel; His present job is a step up from his previous one.)
    7) (an action or move (towards accomplishing an aim etc): That would be a foolish/sensible step to take; I shall take steps to prevent this happening again.)

    2. verb
    (to make a step, or to walk: He opened the door and stepped out; She stepped briskly along the road.)
    - stepladder
    - stepping-stones
    - in
    - out of step
    - step aside
    - step by step
    - step in
    - step out
    - step up
    - watch one's step
    step1 n
    1. paso
    2. escalón / peldaño
    3. paso / medida
    step2 vb
    1. dar un paso / andar
    step this way, please pase por aquí, por favor
    2. pisar
    tr[step]
    1 (gen) paso; (sound) paso, pisada
    2 (distance) paso
    3 (move, act) paso
    ■ what's the next step? ¿cuál es el próximo paso?
    5 (degree on scale, stage in process) peldaño, escalón nombre masculino, paso
    6 (stair) escalón nombre masculino, peldaño, grada; (of ladder) escalón nombre masculino, travesaño; (of vehicle) estribo
    1 (move, walk) dar un paso, andar
    2 (tread) pisar
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (stepladder) escalera de tijera
    1 (outdoor) escalinata; (indoor) escalera; (of plane) escalerilla
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    every step of the way en todo momento, desde principio a fin
    step by step paso a paso, poco a poco
    step on it!, step on the gas! ¡date prisa!, ¡pisa a fondo!
    to be in step / keep in step (walking) llevar el paso 2 (dancing) llevar el compás
    to be one step ahead llevar la ventaja
    to be out of step (walking) no llevar el paso 2 (dancing) no llevar el compás
    to step into somebody's shoes pasar a ocupar el puesto de alguien
    to step into the breach llenar el hueco
    to watch one's step (be careful) andar con cuidado 2 (when walking) mirar por dónde camina
    a step up un ascenso
    step ['stɛp] vi, stepped ; stepping
    1) : dar un paso
    step this way, please: pase por aquí, por favor
    2)
    to step on : pisar
    step n
    1) : paso m
    step by step: paso por paso
    2) stair: escalón m, peldaño m
    3) rung: escalón m, travesaño m
    4) measure, move: medida f, paso m
    to take steps: tomar medidas
    5) stride: paso m
    with a quick step: con paso rápido
    n.
    • escalera s.f.
    • escalón s.m.
    • estribo s.m.
    • estribo de un coche s.m.
    • etapa s.f.
    • gestión s.f.
    • grada s.f.
    • grado s.m.
    • medida s.f.
    • paso s.m.
    • patada s.f.
    • peldaño s.m.
    • trámite s.m.
    v.
    • andar v.
    (§pret: anduv-)
    • escalonar v.
    • medir a pasos v.
    • pisar v.

    I step
    1) c (footstep, pace) paso m

    to take a step forward — dar* un paso adelante

    to follow in somebody's steps — seguir* los pasos de alguien

    to be/keep one step ahead: they're one step ahead of us nos llevan cierta ventaja; he tries to keep one step ahead of his students trata de que sus alumnos no lo aventajen; to watch one's step (be cautious, behave well) andarse* con cuidado or con pie de plomo; watch your step — ( when walking) mira por dónde caminas

    2)
    a) c ( of dance) paso m
    b) u (in marching, walking) paso m

    to be in/out of step — llevar/no llevar el paso; ( in dancing) llevar/no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to break step — romper* el paso

    in/out of step with somebody/something: the leaders are out of step with the wishes of the majority — los líderes no sintonizan con los deseos de la mayoría

    3) ( distance) (no pl)
    4) c ( move) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    to take steps (to + inf) — tomar medidas (para + inf)

    5)
    a) c ( on stair) escalón m, peldaño m; ( on ladder) travesaño m, escalón m

    the museum steps — la escalinata or las escaleras del museo

    a flight of steps — un tramo m de escalera

    b) steps pl ( stepladder) (BrE) escalera f ( de mano or de tijera)
    6) c
    a) ( degree in scale) peldaño m, escalón m
    b) (AmE Mus)

    II

    would you step inside/outside for a moment? — ¿quiere pasar/salir un momento?

    to step IN/ON something — pisar algo

    sorry, I stepped on your toe — perdón, te pisé

    to step on it o on the gas — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL), meterle (AmL fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [step]
    1. N
    1) (=movement) (lit, fig) paso m; (=sound) paso m, pisada f

    he heard steps outside — oyó pasos or pisadas fuera

    • to take a step back — dar un paso atrás

    • it's a big step for him — es un gran paso or salto para él

    • step by step — (lit, fig) poco a poco

    • to be a step closer to doing sth — estar más cerca de hacer algo

    • at every step — (lit, fig) a cada paso

    • the first step is to decide... — el primer paso es decidir...

    • to follow in sb's steps — seguir los pasos de algn

    • it's a great step forward — es un gran paso or salto adelante

    • I would go one step further and make all guns illegal — yo iría aún más lejos y prohibiría todo tipo de armas de fuego

    • what's the next step? — ¿cuál es el siguiente paso?

    • it's a step in the right direction — es un paso adelante

    • a step towards peace — un paso hacia la paz

    • to turn one's steps towards sth — dirigir los pasos hacia algo

    • it's a step up in his career — es un ascenso en su carrera profesional

    • to watch one's step — (lit, fig) ir con cuidado

    - be one step ahead of sb
    false 1., 1), spring 1., 4)
    2) (in dancing, marching) paso m

    • to break step — romper el paso

    • he quickly fell into step beside me — no tardó en ajustar su paso al mío

    • to be in step with sb — (lit) llevar el paso de algn

    to be/keep in step (with) — (in marching) llevar el paso (de); (in dance) llevar el compás or ritmo (de)

    • to be out of step — (in marching) no llevar el paso; (in dance) no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to get out of step — (in march) perder el paso; (in dance) perder el ritmo or compás

    - be out of step with sth/sb
    - fall or get out of step with sth/sb
    3) (=distance) paso m

    I'm just a step away if you need me — si me necesitas, solo estoy a un paso

    it's a good step or quite a step to the village * — el pueblo queda bastante lejos

    4) (=footprint) huella f
    5) (=measure) medida f

    • to take steps — tomar medidas

    6) (=stair) peldaño m, escalón m; (on bus) peldaño m, estribo m; (also: doorstep) escalón m de la puerta

    I'll meet you on the library steps — quedamos en los escalones or la escalinata de la biblioteca

    • a flight of stone steps — un tramo de escalera or de escalones de piedra

    7) steps (=stepladder) escalera f (de mano/de tijera)
    8) (in scale) peldaño m, grado m

    to get onto the next step in the salary scale — ascender un peldaño or subir de grado en la escala salarial

    9) (also: step aerobics) step m
    10) (US) (Mus) tono m
    2. VI
    1) (=walk)

    • to step on board — subir a bordo

    • won't you step inside? — ¿no quiere pasar?

    • he stepped into the room — entró en la habitación

    he stepped into his slippersousers — se puso las zapatillas/los pantalones

    • to step off a bus/planeain — bajarse de un autobús/aviónen

    • as he stepped onto the pavement... — al poner el pie en la acera...

    • as she stepped out of the car — al bajar del coche

    • I had to step outside for a breath of fresh air — tuve que salir fuera a tomar el aire

    • to step over sth — pasar por encima de algo

    - step out of line
    shoe
    2) (=tread)

    • to step in/on sth — pisar algo

    step on it! * — (=hurry up) ¡date prisa!, ¡ponte las pilas! *, ¡apúrate! (LAm); (Aut) ¡acelera!

    step on the gas — (US) pisar el acelerador

    toe
    3.
    CPD

    step change N — cambio m radical

    * * *

    I [step]
    1) c (footstep, pace) paso m

    to take a step forward — dar* un paso adelante

    to follow in somebody's steps — seguir* los pasos de alguien

    to be/keep one step ahead: they're one step ahead of us nos llevan cierta ventaja; he tries to keep one step ahead of his students trata de que sus alumnos no lo aventajen; to watch one's step (be cautious, behave well) andarse* con cuidado or con pie de plomo; watch your step — ( when walking) mira por dónde caminas

    2)
    a) c ( of dance) paso m
    b) u (in marching, walking) paso m

    to be in/out of step — llevar/no llevar el paso; ( in dancing) llevar/no llevar el compás or el ritmo

    to break step — romper* el paso

    in/out of step with somebody/something: the leaders are out of step with the wishes of the majority — los líderes no sintonizan con los deseos de la mayoría

    3) ( distance) (no pl)
    4) c ( move) paso m; ( measure) medida f

    to take steps (to + inf) — tomar medidas (para + inf)

    5)
    a) c ( on stair) escalón m, peldaño m; ( on ladder) travesaño m, escalón m

    the museum steps — la escalinata or las escaleras del museo

    a flight of steps — un tramo m de escalera

    b) steps pl ( stepladder) (BrE) escalera f ( de mano or de tijera)
    6) c
    a) ( degree in scale) peldaño m, escalón m
    b) (AmE Mus)

    II

    would you step inside/outside for a moment? — ¿quiere pasar/salir un momento?

    to step IN/ON something — pisar algo

    sorry, I stepped on your toe — perdón, te pisé

    to step on it o on the gas — (colloq) darse* prisa, apurarse (AmL), meterle (AmL fam)

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > step

  • 17 most

    [məʊst, Am moʊst] pron
    the \most am meisten;
    what's the \most you've ever won at cards? was war das meiste, das du beim Kartenspielen gewonnen hast?;
    when she shared the food out, John got the \most als sie das Essen verteilte, bekam John am meisten;
    they had the \most to lose sie hatten am meisten zu verlieren;
    at the [very] \most [aller]höchstens;
    she's 50 at the very \most sie ist allerhöchstens 50;
    \most of sb/ sth die meisten;
    in this school, \most of the children are from the Chinese community in dieser Schule sind die meisten Kinder chinesischer Abstammung;
    \most of the things I forget are unimportant anyway die meisten Dinge, die ich vergesse, sind sowieso unwichtig;
    I spent \most of the winter on the coast ich verbrachte einen Großteil des Winters an der Küste
    2) pl ( the majority) die Mehrheit;
    \most are in favour of tax reform die Mehrheit befürwortet die Steuerreform
    3) ( best)
    the \most höchstens;
    the \most I can do is try ich kann nicht mehr tun als es versuchen;
    the \most they can expect is a 4% pay increase sie können höchstens eine 4-prozentige Gehaltserhöhung erwarten;
    to get the \most out of life das meiste aus dem Leben machen;
    to be the \most (sl) der/die Größte sein;
    he's the \most - I wish he were interested in me er ist so toll - ich wünschte, er würde sich für mich interessieren;
    to make the \most of sth das Beste aus etw dat machen;
    it's a lovely day - we must make the \most of it was für ein schöner Tag - wir müssen ihn nutzen;
    to make the \most of one's opportunities das Beste aus seinen Chancen machen;
    ( represent at its best) etw hervorstreichen;
    how to make the \most of your features so unterstreichen Sie Ihre Züge richtig adj
    1) (greatest in amount, degree) am meisten;
    which of you earns the \most money? wer von euch verdient am meisten Geld?;
    they've had the \most success sie hatten größten Erfolg
    2) (majority of, nearly all) die meisten;
    I don't eat meat, but I like \most types of fish ich esse kein Fleisch, aber ich mag die meisten Fischsorten;
    we like \most students wir mögen die meisten Studenten;
    for the \most part für gewöhnlich;
    the older members, for the \most part, shun him die älteren Mitglieder meiden ihn für gewöhnlich adv
    that's what I'm \most afraid of davor habe ich die meiste Angst;
    Joanne is the \most intelligent person I know Joanne ist der intelligenteste Mensch, den ich kenne;
    the \most intelligent animal das intelligenteste Tier;
    \most easily/ rapidly/ thoroughly am leichtesten/schnellsten/gründlichsten;
    sandy plains where fire tends to spread \most quickly sandige Ebenen, auf denen sich das Feuer besonders rasch ausbreitet;
    \most important/ unfortunate wichtigste(r, s)/unglücklichste(r, s);
    the \most important event of my life das wichtigste Ereignis in meinem Leben
    2) (form: extremely) höchst, äußerst, überaus ( geh)
    it was a \most unfortunate accident es war ein äußerst bedauerlicher Unfall;
    it's \most kind of you to help me es ist überaus freundlich von Ihnen, dass Sie mir helfen;
    their situation was \most embarrassing ihre Lage war höchst unangenehm;
    he told me a \most interesting story er erzählte mir eine sehr interessante Geschichte;
    it was a \most unusual car es war ein ganz ungewöhnliches Auto;
    it was a \most beautiful morning es war ein besonders schöner Morgen;
    \most certainly ganz bestimmt [o gewiss], mit absoluter Sicherheit;
    \most likely höchstwahrscheinlich;
    that's \most probably correct das ist höchstwahrscheinlich richtig;
    \most unlikely höchst unwahrscheinlich
    3) ( to the greatest extent) am meisten;
    what annoyed me \most... was mich am meisten gestört hat...;
    the things he \most enjoyed die Dinge, die ihm am besten gefielen;
    at \most höchstens;
    we've got enough rations for a week at \most die Rationen reichen höchstens für eine Woche;
    \most of all am allermeisten;
    I like the blue one \most of all der/die/das Blaue gefällt mir am besten;
    \most of all, I hope that... ganz besonders hoffe ich, dass...;
    she likes broccoli and carrots but likes green beans \most of all sie mag Broccoli und Karotten, ganz besonders aber grüne Bohnen;
    what she wanted \most of all was sie am meisten wollte
    4) (Am) (fam: almost) beinah[e], fast;
    they watch TV \most every evening sie sehen beinah jeden Abend fern;
    \most everyone understood fast jeder verstand

    English-German students dictionary > most

  • 18 Emigration

       Traditionally, Portugal has been a country with a history of emigration to foreign lands, as well as to the overseas empire. During the early centuries of empire, only relatively small numbers of Portuguese emigrated to reside permanently in its colonies. After the establishment of the second, largely Brazilian empire in the 17th century, however, greater numbers of Portuguese left to seek their fortunes outside Europe. It was only toward the end of the 19th century, however, that Portuguese emigration became a mass movement, at first, largely to Brazil. While Portuguese-speaking Brazil was by far the most popular destination for the majority of Portuguese emigrants in early modern and modern times, after 1830, the United States and later Venezuela also became common destinations.
       Portuguese emigration patterns have changed in the 20th century and, as the Portuguese historian and economist Oliveira Martins wrote before the turn of the century, Portuguese emigration rates are a kind of national barometer. Crises and related social, political, and economic conditions within Portugal, as well as the presence of established emigrant communities in various countries, emigration laws, and the world economy have combined to shape emigration rates and destinations.
       After World War II, Brazil no longer remained the favorite destination of the majority of Portuguese emigrants who left Portugal to improve their lives and standards of living. Beginning in the 1950s, and swelling into a massive stream in the 1960s and into the 1970s, most Portuguese emigrated to find work in France and, after the change in U.S. immigration laws in the mid-1960s, a steady stream went to North America, including Canada. The emigration figures here indicate that the most intensive emigration years coincided with excessive political turmoil and severe draft (army conscription) laws during the First Republic (1912 was the high point), that emigration dropped during World Wars I and II and during economic downturns such as the Depression, and that the largest flow of Portuguese emigration in history occurred after the onset of the African colonial wars (1961) and into the 1970s, as Portuguese sought emigration as a way to avoid conscription or assignment to Africa.
       1887 17,000
       1900ca. 17,000 (mainly to Brazil)
       1910 39,000
       1912 88,000 (75,000 of these to Brazil)
       1930ca. 30,000 (Great Depression)
       1940ca. 8,800
       1950 41,000
       1955 57,000
       1960 67,000
       1965 131,000
       1970 209,000
       Despite considerable efforts by Lisbon to divert the stream of emigrants from Brazil or France to the African territories of Angola and Mozambique, this colonization effort failed, and most Portuguese who left Portugal preferred the better pay and security of jobs in France and West Germany or in the United States, Venezuela, and Brazil, where there were more deeply rooted Portuguese emigrant communities. At the time of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, when the military coup in Lisbon signaled the beginning of pressures for the Portuguese settlers to leave Africa, the total number of Portuguese resident in the two larger African territories amounted to about 600,000. In modern times, nonimperial Portuguese emigration has prevailed over imperial emigration and has had a significant impact on Portugal's annual budget (due to emigrants' remittances), the political system (since emigrants have a degree of absentee voting rights), investment and economy, and culture.
       A total of 4 million Portuguese reside and work outside Portugal as of 2009, over one-third of the country's continental and island population. It has also been said that more Portuguese of Azorean descent reside outside the Azores than in the Azores. The following statistics reflect the pattern of Portuguese emigrant communities in the world outside the mother country.
       Overseas Portuguese Communities Population Figures by Country of Residence ( estimates for 2002)
       Brazil 1,000,000
       France 650,000
       S. Africa 600,000
       USA 500,000
       Canada 400,000
       Venezuela 400,000
       W. Europe 175,000 (besides France and Germany)
       Germany 125,000
       Britain (UK) 60,000 (including Channel Islands)
       Lusophone Africa 50,000
       Australia 50,000
       Total: 4,010,000 (estimate)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Emigration

  • 19 McAdam, John Loudon

    [br]
    b. 21 September 1756 Ayr, Ayrshire, Scotland
    d. 26 November 1836 Moffat, Dumfriesshire, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish road builder, inventor of the macadam road surface.
    [br]
    McAdam was the son of one of the founder of the first bank in Ayr. As an infant, he nearly died in a fire which destroyed the family's house of Laywyne, in Carsphairn parish; the family then moved to Blairquhan, near Straiton. Thence he went to the parish school in Maybole, where he is said to have made a model section of a local road. In 1770, when his father died, he was sent to America where he was brought up by an uncle who was a merchant in New York. He stayed in America until the close of the revolution, becoming an agent for the sale of prizes and managing to amass a considerable fortune. He returned to Scotland where he settled at Sauchrie in Ayrshire. There he was a magistrate, Deputy-Lieutenant of the county and a road trustee, spending thirteen years there. In 1798 he moved to Falmouth in Devon, England, on his appointment as agent for revictualling of the Royal Navy in western ports.
    He continued the series of experiments started in Ayrshire on the construction of roads. From these he concluded that a road should be built on a raised foundation with drains formed on either side, and should be composed of a number of layers of hard stone broken into angular fragments of roughly cubical shape; the bottom layer would be larger rocks, with layers of progressively smaller rocks above, all bound together with fine gravel. This would become compacted and almost impermeable to water by the action of the traffic passing over it. In 1815 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Bristol's roads and put his theories to the test.
    In 1823 a Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to consider the use of "macadamized" roads in larger towns; McAdam gave evidence to this committee, and it voted to give him £10,000 for his past work. In 1827 he was appointed Surveyor-General of Roads and moved to Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire. From there he made yearly visits to Scotland and it was while returning from one of these that he died, at Moffat in the Scottish Borders. He had married twice, both times to American women; his first wife was the mother of all seven of his children.
    McAdam's method of road construction was much cheaper than that of Thomas Telford, and did much to ease travel and communications; it was therefore adopted by the majority of Turnpike Trusts in Britain, and the macadamization process quickly spread to other countries.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1819. A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Roads.
    1820. Present State of Road-Making.
    Further Reading
    R.Devereux, 1936, John Loudon McAdam: A Chapter from the History of Highways, London: Oxford University Press.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > McAdam, John Loudon

  • 20 hold

    1. n мор. трюм
    2. n удерживание; захват; хватка

    taken hold of — захватил; захватиться

    taking hold of — захватывающий; захват

    3. n власть; влияние

    the law has no hold on him — по закону с ним ничего нельзя сделать; закону он не подвластен

    4. n то, за что можно ухватиться; опора; захват, ушко
    5. n хранилище, вместилище
    6. n арх. тюрьма, место заключения; тюремная камера
    7. n убежище, укрытие, приют
    8. n логово, берлога
    9. n заказ, требование
    10. n арх. арест; заключение в тюрьму
    11. n арх. крепость
    12. n захват
    13. n держание мяча
    14. n жарг. кино «холд», удавшаяся часть съёмки, произведённой в течение съёмочного дня
    15. n муз. фермата
    16. n спец. фиксация
    17. n ав. задержка

    there will be a hold on all takeoffs until the fog has dispersed — все вылеты отменяются, пока не рассеется туман

    18. n косм. задержка при предпусковой подготовке
    19. v удерживать, сдерживать; задерживать; останавливать

    to hold fire — не открывать огонь; воздерживаться от ведения огня

    hold off — удерживать, не пускать, держать поодаль

    20. v владеть, иметь; быть владельцем, держателем

    to hold good — иметь силу; оставаться в силе; действовать

    to hold absolutely — владеть абсолютно, безусловно

    21. v удерживать; сохранять контроль

    hold in — сдерживать; удерживать

    keep hold of — удерживать; удержать

    22. v вмещать, содержать в себе

    this jug holds a quart — ёмкость этого кувшина — одна кварта

    to hold hard — крепко держать или держаться, не отпускать

    hold under — держать в повиновении; подавлять, угнетать

    hold council — держать совет; проводить совещание

    23. v держать, хранить

    my money is held at the bank — мои деньги хранятся в банке; я держу свои деньги в банке

    24. v полагать, считать, находить

    I hold it good — я считаю, что это хорошо

    I hold him to be wrong — я считаю, что он не прав

    to hold in esteem — уважать, относиться с почтением

    to hold in abhorrence — гнушаться; питать отвращение, омерзение

    to hold office — занимать должность, находиться в должности

    25. v юр. признавать, решать; выносить решение

    the court held that … — суд признал, что …

    26. v содержать под стражей; держать в тюрьме

    to hold ward — стоять на страже; охранять

    27. v уст. зависеть; быть обязанным

    подвергаться ; терпеть, выносить

    to hold good in law — иметь законную силу; быть юридически обоснованным

    28. v уст. обязывать; вынуждать
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. clamp (noun) clamp; clasp; clench; clinch; clutch; grapple; grasp; grip; gripe; handle; purchase
    2. control (noun) control; influence; maintenance; occupancy; ownership; retention; tenacity; tenure
    3. defense (noun) defense; resistance; stand; stronghold
    4. prison (noun) cell; deep; dungeon; keep; prison; tower
    5. absorb (verb) absorb; engross; involve
    6. adhere (verb) adhere; attach; cling; fasten; remain; stick
    7. arrest (verb) arrest; catch up; enthral; enthrall; fascinate; grip; mesmerise; mesmerize; rivet; spellbind; transfix
    8. believe (verb) believe; consider; credit; deem; entertain; espouse; esteem; feel; judge; opine; sense; think
    9. carry on (verb) carry on; celebrate; engage in; observe; preside over; pursue
    10. clutch (verb) clench; clinch; clutch; grasp
    11. contain (verb) admit; contain; include
    12. continue (verb) bear; carry; continue; endure; last; maintain; persist; support; sustain; uphold
    13. detain (verb) detain; hold up; impound; imprison; incarcerate
    14. give (verb) give; stage
    15. have (verb) accommodate; boast; command; comprise; enjoy; have; occupy; own; possess
    16. keep (verb) hold back; keep; keep back; keep out; withhold
    17. press (verb) clasp; embrace; enfold; hug; press; squeeze
    18. reserve (verb) reserve; retain; set aside
    19. restrain (verb) check; confine; deactivate; hinder; impede; restrain
    20. state (verb) affirm; assert; asseverate; aver; avouch; avow; declare; state
    Антонимический ряд:
    adjourn; bestow; break; cease; cede; concede; confer; convey; desert; disavow; dismiss; drop; fail; forego; forsake; free; lose; release; relinquish

    English-Russian base dictionary > hold

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